Explanation of the Gantt Chart

interpretation of the Gantt ChartIts use a simple logic calculations to identify the circumstantial way, it does include A sequence of activities has a metre epoch. Adding the timing durations from the kill till the end (forward pass), it helps to determine the too soon and late start. reimburse the timing durations from the end to the start (backward pass), it help to determine the late and early block. Deduct the early fetch up from the late finish, by that we found the total float. The early start for action A is 0, while the late finish for application R is equal to its late start.The over precise pathwayway is the longest grievous of activities in the plat with no flexibility, linked to apiece other without interruption. In other word its the path has activities with total float equal zero.While the duration of the cast off determine by the earliest and late finish of the conclusion operation in the device.Gantt chart is useful tool to start manager, in th is chart there is a calendar time scale enable to determine the project duration including , not only the working solar twenty-four hour periods, still also holydays and weekend.If the project starts on 11 January 2010 in 5 day working week, assuming there is no holidays the earliest day the project will completed is 2 April 2010. (See end of the document).a. As activity P is a comminuted activity in a searing path a one day hold will create a delay in activities Q and R, which delay the project end for one day. withal it could generate an add-on in project cost. The project manager should be able to predict this before its occurred, therefore he should analyses the network diagram and looking for maneuver margin.b. If activity N completed 1 day earlier, it could give other activities in the path such as O, P, Q, and R one day flexibility. However it doesnt mean that the project will finish earlier because other activity recourses were schedule and it could be not easy at t hat time, but still there is possibility to the project to finish 1 day before than schedule.c. Activity I is not critical activity, thats mean it has a float or slack which is in this activity is 6 days. There for a delay for 2 days in this activity will not create a delay in whole project, however there a possibility to generate increase in cost than the pictured before.In the network diagram all the project activities be represent accordance with the relations that exist amid them, the activities represented by nodes (boxes), these mentioned the beginning and the end of each activityThe benefits for the diagram areObtain a schematic representation of the project.predict the compulsory time to complete the project.distinguish between critical and non critical activity in the project, and thus determine the possible maneuver margin for each task, which kitty be by moving some resources from non-critical tasks and focus on critical activity, which contributes to reduce the tim e of the project with a fixed cost.Implementing the network diagram is summarized in these musical notesknow all the activities for the project their is a appoint of all tasks (activities) often included in the outset project ground on Work Breakdown StructureIdentify the relations between these tasks there are tasks that can be implemented in parallel, or may depend on the end of the other tasks (sequence), in this step is a list of all the project tasks and its relations with other tasks. fit the network diagram after knowing the tasks, and the relations with other activities, the project activities are drawn as Node network diagram.Estimate the required time an estimate of required time to complete each activity passed on past experiences, or by using intuition and logic, the estimate may not be free of error.identifying the critical activity and critical path of the project critical activity is an activity which, if the delay occurred during the execution of instrument, it could delay the whole project with the same amount, the critical path is the path that connects critical activities and it starts from the beginning of the project and finished at the end of the project, it is the longest path in terms of length in the network diagram. On this path there is no margin time to maneuver in the implementation of some(prenominal) task because of the lack of flexibility time in any task on this path.Update the network diagram on a regular basis during the implementation of the project, real-time registration is taken for each activity, and in the meantime, critical path may appear to show recent activities were not taken into account.

Psycholinguistics And Second Language Acquisition

Psycholinguistics And Second Language AcquisitionIn familiar, Lennebergs full of life consequence hypothesis proposed that certain linguistic events must happen to the child during the small menstruum for development to proceed normally and words is acquired most expeditiously during this expiration. Traditionally, the unfavorable Period Hypothesis is used to explain why back up acquisition is so difficult for erstwhile(a) children and adults. In this essay, the role of critical period in back up run-in acquisition will be examined by using irresponsible experiments, as well as my suffer experience.To begin with, the way in which precise Period accounts for stake manner of speaking acquisition should be cl early clarified. Johnson and Newport (1989) refine the formulation of the Critical Period Hypothesis and explain how it interprets help language acquisition. They distinguished two supercharge hypotheses act Hypothesis and Maturational State Hypothesis. Both of t hem assume that worldly concern bind a superior capacity for demandedness language early in life. These two hypotheses predict that children will be wagerer than adults in acquiring the basic language but only the latter one and only(a) predicts that children will be superior at second language learning. Indeed, the Exercise Hypothesis even suggests that adults might be better than children because of their better learning skills possibly.Research has addressed the issue that whether in that location is an age-related effect on second language acquisition. First, in that respect is a investigate states a point of grab contrary to popular opinion. Most people think that children are better in acquiring both first and second language. However, Snow (1983) proposed that adults were genuinely no worse in acquiring second language and may be even better. Although it is difficult for a fair comparison because children have more time to learn language adults, Snow and Hoefnage l-Hohle (1978) conducted a research by comparing side children and adults in the first year of musical accompaniment in Holland learning Dutch. The young children (3-4 years old) scored lowest of all groups. experimental and anecdotal evidence suggested that adults have a persistent foreign tension and phonological development might be the one area for which there is a critical period. Even if there are limitations of this rent, it is possible that adults ordure acquire second language more efficient than children.Certainly, there is more or less evidence for a critical period for second language acquisition. Johnson and Newport (1989) embed evidence for a Critical Period for second language acquisition. They looked at native Korean and Chinese immigrants (3-39 years old) to the USA and found a large advantage for younger over older learners in qualification judgements about whether a sentence was grammatically correct. They found that their participants correlated potently and significantly in the early arrivals (age 3-15) but not in the older arrivals (age 17-39). Johnson and Newport took this to suggest that language learning ability slowly declines as the forgiving matures and plateaus at a low level after puberty. This study is an important evidence of the presence of the Critical Period in second language acquisition. In fact, there is another study which examined the effects of emergence on pronunciation by using immigrants with various ages of arrival as subjects can also show that the Critical Period really exists in SLA. Thompson (1991) collected data from 39 Russian-born subjects (4-42 years old) who had immigrated to the US. The result pointed to a unbendable link between a subjects age of first depiction to English and the nativeness of his or her accent. From these two researches, it can show that the Critical Period really exists in second language acquisition.Apart from the authoritative experiments mentioned above, my personal exp erience of learning Putonghua can also support the Critical Period in second language acquisition. When I learnt Putonghua in native school, my knowledge of Putonghua, especially the pronunciation, was acquired easily and quickly by imitating the pronunciation of my teacher immediately. However, I did not learn Putonghua in secondary school and learnt it over again from last year. In other words, all the knowledge of Putonghua has lost and I wanted to learn it from the beginning. Actually, I found it is more difficult for me to learn Putonghua when getting older with the influence of my first language Cantonese. Since the vocabularies and pronunciations of these languages are similar, I easily pronounced incorrectly or used some slander vocabularies like Cantonese. Compared with the learning experience in primary school, I need to use much more time acquire Putonghua as second language more accurately and develop my language proficiency at adult stage.To conclude, there is still some debate on whether there is a critical period for acquiring language. However, there is a general agreement that childhood immersion in a second language environment leads to widespread success in achieving native-like proficiency in that language. Likewise, the exposure to a second language in adulthood is marked by a failure to attain native-like competence. Therefore, the importance of age effects on second language acquisition is hardly controversial by a number of supportive studies on this hypothesis.(818 words)ReferenceHarley, T.A. (1995). The Psychology of Language From entropy to Theory. East Sussex, UK Erlbaum.Johnson, J.S. Newport, E.L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive psychology, 21, 60-99.Lenneberg, E. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York Wiley.Snow, C.E. (1983). succession differences in second language acquisition Researc h findings and folk psychology. In K. Bailey, M. Long, S. Peck (Eds.), Second language acquisition studies (pp. 141-150). Rowley, MA Newbury House.Snow, C.E., Hoefnagel-Hohle, M. (1978). The critical period for language acquisition Evidence from second language learning. Child Development, 49, 1114-1128.Thompson, I. (1991). abroad accents revisited The English pronunciation of Russian immigrants. Language Learning, 41, 177-204.

The Region Is The Middle East International Relations Essay

The Region Is The midsection East worldwide Relations EssayThe region is the Middle East. The cause of the Israel/ promised the three estates deviation is the question of localise and who rules it. Judaic colonization and Palestinian nationalism, some(prenominal) move claim to the same territory is the basis of this long employment.The land obscure in the Israel/ paradise combat totals approximately 10,000 squargon miles at the east oddment of the Mediterranean Sea. The verbalize of Israel encompasses the land from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean ocean, bordered by Egypt in the south, Lebanon in the north, and Jordan in the East. The Gaza strip is an additional141 square miles south of Israel, thatis down the stairs the chair of the Palestinians. Palestine is one of the oldest agricultural sites in the world. Archeologists found chaff at Jericho dating from before 8,000 B.C. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all hit roots in the Middle East. The land has been one of encroach and shifts in power post to the days of the Bible. I believe unfair reports and incomplete information boast reached the American good deal with regard to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The only way to find the original stories is to go looking for them. Richard North Patterson brought the lack of accurate information to my trouble when I read his novel called, Exile. I, like most Americans, withdraw received most of my information, and therefore the basis for my beliefs from the media. Mr. North Pattersons novel shake my beliefs enough for me to want to look further into the facts of the conflict. As the organization of fairness and Accuracy in Reporting shows, the media does not always provide the deaf(p) detail to understand what the conflict involves. It is difficult to report a chronicle without taking a side to the conflict, scarce one side seems to kick in had the sympathies of the media and therefore the rest of the world. after(prenominal) W orld War II, the joined Nations recommended naval division Palestine into both states and the internationalization of the cities of capital of Israel and Bethlehem. In this UN Resolution, the minority of the Judaic people received the majority and the better of the land. The Arabs received 43 per centum of the land, the Jews 57 part. Despite the Arab Palestinians rejection of the partition and the exis tence of Israel, Israel was proclaimed a state on May 14 1948. While the Jewish people obtained their homeland, there has been no Palestine and no internationalization of capital of Israel and Bethlehem. In 1948, Palestinians were operate out of the new state of Israel into refugee camps in Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, and other regions. most 750,000 people were driven from their homes in Israel and many Jews were also driven from their homes in environ Arab countries. Both the expelled Palestinians and Jews often had their land and bank accounts and other property seized. The Isra eli-Palestinian conflict has been one of the longest and has led to thousands of deaths. For both the states, the claim to the land goes screening thousands of stratums. The Jewish peoples claim dates from Biblical times when capital of Israel was the center of the Jewish Kingdom. By 70 A.D. the Romans had claim to the land which started the Jewish time of winding. The Romans unconnected control by the 9th century to the Arabs who were mostly Muslims and who, like the Jews considered Jerusalem one of the holiest cities. Palestine remained under Muslim rule for over ten centuries. Britain claimed control of the land in November of 1917 and the League of Nations gave the British control to command and help Zionists settlers build a Jewish national home. In 1922, Britain shared out the land, with the eastern half becoming the separate country of Jordan. The British govern Palestine over the next 25 years until hostilities between the Arab Palestinians and the Jewish settlers beca me intolerably hostile so that Britain dark Palestine over to the impertinently formed linked Nations. The holocaust during World War I, from 1939 to 1945 was a throttle for the Jewish people to return to Palestine. The worlds sympathies were with the Jews and creating a Jewish national homeland. As a result in 1947, the unify Nations divided Palestine into two states one Jewish the other Palestinian. The Palestinians felt that establishing Israel and the resulting Jewish settlers that displaced the original Palestinian inhabitants created the conflict that exists today while the Israelis argue that the Palestinians refusal to accept Israel and by hard to destroy it, created the conflict that exists today. On May 15, 1948, the day following the resoluteness of Israels independence armies from five Arab countries combined to invade Israel. After a year of fighting, Israel held much land than was originally lend oneselfn to them by the United Nations. cease-fire agreements w ere signed moreover the Arabs would not sign a peace pact because they did not consider the warfare to be over. Egypt and Jordan absorbed the parts of Palestine not taken by Israel. The Arab Palestinians call this war the Catastrophe. Approximately a million Palestinians that were left without homes or farms fled Israel but most were turned away from other Arab countries and found themselves living in United Nations reap refugee camps in the Gaza Strip and on the West Bank. In 1967, Egypt, Syria, and Jordan attacked Israel. During the 6-day-war Israel took large stretches of land from the Arabs including the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip from Egypt, Golan Heights from Syria, and the West Bank from Jordan, which was the center of ancient Israel but was supposed to become the center of the Palestinian state in 1948. By winning the West Bank, Israel held most of historic Israel and the cities of Bethlehem, Hebron and the old city of Jerusalem. After the war, Israel attempted peace by returning all the land debar Jerusalem but the Arab Palestinians would not negotiate on this point. The United Nations passed warrantor Council resolving 242 in November that called for, Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in exchange for pimp and recognized boundaries. The Arabs rejected the resolution but over time, most Arab nations accepted the resolution as the basis for todays peace agreements and negotiations. Jerusalem is prized because of its religious narration as the holy city for Christians, Jews, and Muslims. The current conflict over Jerusalem is the direct result of the United Nations Partition Plan in 1947, which would coif Jerusalem an internationalistic city under United Nations control. In the 1948 war following the partition, Israel captured West Jerusalem and Jordan held East Jerusalem. The city remained divided until the 6-day war in 1967 when Israel also captured East Jerusalem from Jordan. Since 1967, Israel considers the entire cit y of Jerusalem to be its capital, while it was historically Jerusalem was the capital of Palestine and essential be the capital of their future homeland. Peace depends on resolving the give away of Jerusalem. Palestinians have lived in the West Bank under Israeli commerce since 1967. Israel has built settlements in the West Bank which house 400,000 Jews. These settlements are ineligible under International law, which Israel dis set upes and ignores. These settlements on what should be Palestinian land are also a major factor in the conflict today. Since 1967, negotiations have centered on retuning land to pre-1967 states as required by International law and United Nations resolutions. In the late 1980s began the first Palestinian uprising called the Intifada. The movement was initially non-violent but the media focused on the violence that did occur. Young Palestinians confronted Israeli troops with slingshots and stones and thousands were killed by the Israeli multitude. In 1 993 another one-sided peace accord, the Oslo Peace Accord, provided that Israel recognize the PLO and gave them curb autonomy in return for peace and an end to Palestinian claims on Israeli territory. This was one-sided because Israel gained control of the land, water and other resources, and the Palestinians really did not gain anything. Many acts of violence have occurred over the years from both sides but with little results. The Palestinians are still without a nation, have especial(a) rights and suffer from poverty. Israel continues to increase and expand settlements into occupied territories, and are leave aloneing to give up less and less land than they promised. The Palestinians have lived under military occupation for over thirty years. Frustration and anger against both the United States and the United Nations have resulted in extremism in some cases. These activist groups from Palestine and other Arab nations have engaged in acts they see as license fighting but that Israel, the United States and most of the world see as terrorism. In 2002, Israel began building a large security fence in the West Bank to stop terrorists from entering Israeli cities and settlements, this fence go on Palestinian land. The International court says the barrier was illegal but construction continued. In 2003, the United States and Palestinians pushing for peace and a two-state resolution announced a cease-fire but Israel continued to assassinate militant leaders leading to Palestinian suicide bombings and Israeli air strikes. In recent years, anger and frustration mount as poorer Palestinians find themselves with poorer and poorer land while Israel bulldozes their homes in an attempt to kill militant leaders more often killing innocent civilians including women and children. Israel has demanded that the Palestinian National government agency control the suicide bombers but then Israel bombs official buildings and compounds making it impossible for the Authority t o control the terrorists. Israel is actually giving more power to the extremists such as Hamas and fueling their desire to destroy Israel. Hamas has gained power with the Palestinian people because although their bureau are terrorism and they are listed as a terrorist organization, Hamas spends most of its $70 million annual budget on extensive social programs. Hamas specie schools, orphanages, mosques, health care clinics, soup kitchens, and sport leagues. Approximately 90 percent of its work is in social, welfare, cultural and educational activities. The people depend on Hamas because the Palestinian Authority does not provide these services and because Hamas has a written report for honesty compared to the corruption within the Palestinian Authority. The result of this conflict appears to be one-sided. The Israelis gained their homeland and the holy city of Jerusalem while Palestine lost its entire state and their holy city. Most Palestinians had their land taken, land which had been bought by or given to their ancestors and passed down through generations. The United States and other western countries interest in the Middle East is and has been largely about oil. The United States military and financial support of Israel has been largely due to the oil to guarantee a large, strong ally in the Middle East. However, the military and financial support has resulted in Israel having the strongest and most advanced military in the Middle East, which includes nuclear weapons. The United Nations has attempted many resolutions that have been critical of Israels inaction, and though the international community has been behind these resolutions, the United States vetoes them. Instead, there is more Israeli land expansion and settlements. There is no doubt in my beware that the original United Nations plan to divide the land to provide for the ineluctably of both the Palestinians and the Jews. The United Nations plan has not been carried out, honored, or enf orced by the United Nations or by the United States. Today the Palestinians are in the wandering time without a homeland. There is no way to end Israels responsibility in the conflict without eliminating the consequences of the catastrophe of the Palestinian people. The same conflict exists today because of the continued wars, occupation, aggression, and walls to glorify Israels independence and legitimacy while severe to eliminate Palestinians legitimate national rights, freedom, and independence. One cannot exist without the other. United Nations resolutions enforcement and United States interventions could right an imbalance. In the quest for a Jewish homeland with the groundwork of Israel, there has been devastation of Palestinian lives. Historic Palestine was of its people whether Christian, Jewish or Muslim and they lived together in peace. Violence and force will not bring peace to either side. Only a nonviolent solution to the conflict based on mutual rights will put an e nd to the violence and suffering on both sides, and will lay down the foundations for the prosperity and well-being of the two peoples (Bisharat).Shah, Anup. The Middle East conflicta brief background. Global Issues, Updated 30 Jul. 2006. Accessed 08 May. 2010. http//www.globalissues.org/article/119/the-middle-east-conflict-a-brief-background

Donor-transmitted Melanoma Case Study

Donor-transmitted malignant melanoma gaffe StudyLakshmi Rangaswamy, D.O., Kim Jordan, MD., FACP, Ronald deAndrade, MDIntroduction pipe organ channel pass receivers are at an increased risk of developing malignancy, estimated to number in 15-20% of graft recipients by and by 10 years. Most malignancies occur de novo or as recurrence of previously treated disease, related to immunosuppression and oncogenic viruses.Donor-transmitted tumors are rare. From 1994 2001, the US Transplant tumor registry reported 18 donor-related bathcers in 108,062 recipients.Case PresentationHistoryA 66-year-old female presents with abdominal fullness, fevers, chills and malaise for 1 weeks time. Admitted to displace service to rule out rejection. former(prenominal) Medical HistoryEnd Stage Renal Disease military position post cadaveric renal transplant 3 months prior heights blood pressureDiabetes Mellitus Type 2 -Anemia of chronic diseaseSocial HistoryNo tobacco, alcohol, or drug abuseMedication s (do I really need specialty and frequency?)Amlodipine 10 mg occasionalAspirin 81 mg routineBactrim 160 mg dailyCarvedilol 25 mg in two ways dailyClotrimazole 10 mg troche three times dailyInsulin Lispro 10 units with mealsLantus 20 units in AMMyofortic 360 mg 2 tablets twice dailyPrednisone 10 mg dailyTacrolimus 2mg twice dailyValcyte 450 mg 2 tablets dailyPhysical examVITALS T 100.1, BP 133/60, HR 71, Resp 18, SpO2 99% on RA, nonoliguricNeck no lymphadenopathy, no carotid bruitsCardiovascular regular rate and rhythm, no clicks, gallops, rubs, no lower phallus edemaLungs clear to auscultation bilaterally, no rales or wheezes breadbasket soft, well heal Gibson incision in RLQ, no graft tenderness, no organomegalySkin no rashes or lesions noted on skinLaboratory and Diagnostic Studies (insert images) white blood electric cell 3.94 K/mcl Hgb 9.8 g/dL (patients baseline) platelets 104 K/mclLDH 747 U/LCreatinine 1.72 mg/dL on the day of admission (baseline 1.02 two months prior, after transplant). During the hospital course, her renal failure worsened with creatinine reaching 8.08 mg/dL and patient requiring intermittent hemodialysisCT of the abdomen with contrast and front-runner scanFindings compatible with metastatic disease to the liver, spleen, bones, and probably lungs.MRI Abdomen/pelvisA few indeterminate T1 and T2 hyperintense lesions in the periphery of the transplant kidney, suspicious for neoplasm. Innumerable bone halfwayfield and splenic lesions, suspicious for hemorrhagic metastasisMRI of brainDiffuse bony metastases, no signs of intraparenchymal metastasisPET confident(p) for multiple lesions in the transplant kidney, bone, and spleen.CT guided Bone marrow biopsyMetastatic malignant neoplasm, quite consistent with metastatic malignant malignant malignant malignant melanoma**Within days of patients admission, it was discovered that the recipient of the liver from the same donor developed melanoma within the transplanted liver and the r ecipient of the mate kidney had developed melanoma in the renal allograft.**The transplant center reported no known history of donor melanoma and commonplace visual inspection of donor organs at time of transplant.clinical CoursePatient elected to undergo allograft nephrectomy. Surgical pathology of take donor kidney confirmed malignant melanoma that was BRAF-V600E mutation positive (insert histo playground slide of melanoma in kidney)Patient was taken off of all immunosuppressor therapy and was started on chemotherapy with zelboraf and immunotherapy with ipilimumab (completed 4 months of zelboraf and 4 cycles of ipilimumab)Patient currently off of chemotherapy, and undergoes twin imaging every month.At 6 months, CT body from 6 months demonstrates basically stable disease.This patient is now undergoing hemodialysis for her end exhibit renal diseaseThe two other recipients died from metastatic melanoma prepare in the transplanted liver and renal allograft this patient is the s ole subsister of the transplanted melanoma.Transmission of melanoma by organ transplantation (VIPER)Not whole is melanoma the well-nigh common fatal form of skin cancer, it is the most common tumor responsible for donor-derived malignancy.The late disease recurrence of melanoma is related to the dormancy of melanoma. Major theories for the dormancy of melanoma include cell-cycle complete and blocked angiogenesis. Per Lancet article entitled Transmission of donor melanoma by organ transplantation, late recurrence of dormant melanoma can occur because of micrometastases or solitary dormant cells. Dormant micrometastasis occurs because of the softness for angiogenesis thereof there is an equilibrium between cell proliferation and apoptosis and thus an inability of malignant cell growth. In dormant solitary cells, there is an absence of proliferation or apoptosis, in essence a pause in cell growth. Because of these theories, it is possible that these dormant cells stay latent in immunocompetent individuals for decades and even forever, barely the immunosuppression of the organ recipient can reactivate the melanoma cells.Transplantation for end-stage organ disease has become routine care with resultant increased take for donor organs.With increased public awareness and donor pool expansion, m each an(prenominal) transplant programs are easing criteria for selection by accepting sr. donors and those with remote history of low-grade skin cancers and/or remote aged cancers.A late study reported 23 cases of donor-transmitted melanoma from 12 separate donors between 1972 and 2006. Only 2 donors had known history of melanoma and one case of fatal melanoma occurred from a donor who had surgically removed melanoma sixteen years prior to donation.History of melanoma system a contraindication to organ donation given melanoma high transmission rate of 74% and mortality of 58%.Treatment of donor-related melanoma involves withdrawing immunosuppression and allowing the body to reject the transplanted organ, followed by explantation of the allograft carrying the melanoma cells.SummaryMelanoma incidence in the general population is increasing, but whether this will empathize into increased incidence of donor-transmitted melanoma and resultant increased mortality remains to be determined.Physicians must not only discuss risks of malignancy with transplant candidates, but also carefully question all donors and their family about recent and remote malignancy, particularly melanoma, given its high transmission rate and mortality.Patients with any history of melanoma, whether it be in the ahead of time stages or cured, showed not be considered as organ donors.ReferencesGeller, A.,et al (2013). Melanoma Epidemic An Analysis of sixsome Decades of Data From the Connecticut Tumor Registry.Journal of Clinical Oncology,31, 4172-4178.Geller, A.,et al (2014). Screening and early detection of melanoma. Retrieved January 1,2014, from http//www.uptodate.com/ Morris-Stiff, G.,et al (2004). Transmission of Donor Melanoma to Multiple organTransplant Recipients.American Journal of Transplantation,10, 444-446.Strauss, D. (2010). Transmission of donor melanoma by organ transplantation. LancetOncology, 11, 790-796. Retrieved from www.thelancet.com/oncology

Ritz Carlton marketing analysis

Ritz Carlton merchandise synopsis1. IntroductionRitz Carltons merchandise conduct is a true paradigm that follows present-go rudiments of merchandise as a management discipline i.e. recognising, anticipating and squ be(p) guest quests pro satisf mouldoryability as defined by rent Institute of grocery storeing, UK (Cited in Brassington Pettitt, 2001). At same station of succession, the executeivities below bewildern by Ritz Carlton under its marketing strategy not only contribute to over only snitch development but rather alike exemplify innovative methods to advocate products or returns and most signifi skunktly how to satisfy claims promised to clients as section of the strategy.This designation coun sellinges to reveal current spot of Ritz Carlton in assiduity, and discuss in depth Copernican f compriseors responsible for success of comp whatever. At same quest of while, assignment depart also examine the imperative doers that contribute to Ritz Carl ton whole step of swear out as perceived by clients. Finally light would also be laid d admit on how beau monde tries to provide self-consistent -universal implement to its client all round the world and f dissembleors that act as obstacle against it.Company Over stareRitz Carlton is unrivalled of the most well kn give highlife hotels company in the world. Right from inception, Ritz Carlton has brought significant innovation in practises of hospitality diligence (See The Ritz Carlton, 2010a).With history of existence and success of over 100 years, Ritz Carlton as a company currently adopts Limited Liability Company disposition of ownership. Ritz Carlton LLC is subsidiary company of Marriot Hotel Incorporation. The p atomic number 18nt company, Marriot Hotels hold as many as 18 brands including Ritz Carlton. The Ritz Carlton at presents manages 72 luxury hotels in 24 countries fit(p) in 5 incompatible regions in the world, the USA and Canada Mexico, Caribbean and S egress h the States Asia-Pacific Europe and Middle East. Besides, the company has a number of farther involution plans specifi teleph geniusy concentrated towards eastern world with a view to take advantage of booming market. (See Worth, 2009)Service MarketingWith development of marketing as a discipline, the stage setting of marketing has also enhanced. Jacques et al (2007) rightly points expose that it is organisations self matter to that decide its future course of it action. This self interest of any organisation much often than not depends upon nature of line of credit it adapts and thereof, it is extremely heavy to recognize with what range of organisation we are dealing with beforehand, (Like Consumer, B2B, Service, Small stemma, weathervane sottishd and so on) so that its marketing strategy can be woven around snapper goals. Ritz Carlton test on product spectrum offered by Brassington Pettitt (2007) indicates that the product that they deal with is characte turn off d by extremely greater level of assistance or in fact pure services.RITZ CARLTON ritz_carlton_logo.jpgIntangibility Perishability Lack of self-possession Heterogeneity InseparabilityDifferent customer will opine differently on their experience at Ritz. node involvement scarpers alert role.Customer need to come in spring with hotel -Service provider.No Exchange of any Items takes nursing home as part of primary passs.Simultaneous form of producing and consuming service. bosom of Ritz Carlton success measure depends on Experience of customers icon 1 send of Ritz-Carlton in the harvest-time SpectrumAssumptionsRitz Carlton as discussed above is not only a subsidiary of Marriot Hotel Incorporation but also a LLC that deals with various fictitious character of accommodation. This does not just imply hotels but rather also involves Clubs and residency properties. This assignment specifically focuses on Ritz Carlton as chain of hotels. Moreover, analysis is all told based on its worldwide presence and not limited to any particular geographic market. This is intentionally d ane so as to realize marketing of Ritz Carlton as chain of hotels rather any specific unit. However, for discernment and justification purpose, region specific examples are cited in certain separate of assignment.2. Exploring Secret buttocks Ritz Carltons victorRitz Carlton as an organisation offers its services crossways five continents. Right from USA to Asia its hotels at first look lend oneself us experience of beyond imagination architecture and provides stereotype of luxury and elegance. in that appreciate is no doubt to the fact that corporal surrounding (which embroil premises) in case of service industry act as one of the most definitive element, that define success criteria for influencing consumer behaviour (Bitner M.,1992) and portray what it persist for. Physical evidences i.e. tangible items add economic regard as to service being offered. However, it can be argued that it is not the lone measure responsible for hotels success. The basic savvy behind this is, a customer never judges a hotel simply on foundation of its tangible infrastructure (Building, Technological availability, Type of populate etc) but rather there are number of otherwise elements that play vital role. This part of assignments will try to identify such primal factors responsible behind Ritz Carlton success.Successfully Tar sticking SegmentationThe need of customers varies for various apprehensions and wherefore it is very important to identify prospective strategic customer for organisation, (Johnson et al, 2008) at same point of time organisation must(prenominal) also put one across calibre to satisfy the targeted group of customers. Ritz- Carltons continued success, behind the scenes depicts its ability to successfully targets it fractionation, offering perfect Marketing Mix elements. Moreover, it also ensures that modifications are do in marketing mi x elements with changing scenario in market trends and both(prenominal) these factors act as hear elements. Kotler et al (2009) emphasise on a point that, marketing is all about forming strategy towards consumer and customer necessarily and thereby offering service or product that satisfy those needs. Ritz Carlton as an organisation in true sense is perfect at interest and applying this basic ideology. This assignment aims to identify success factors of Ritz Carlton in light of marketing mix elements with a view to justify above argument.Identifying Market think (Segmentation) Marriot Hotels has divided their business to number of segments where Ritz Carlton aids as Luxury Lodging (See Marriot Hotel Incorporation, 2008) and whence it is very evident from this fact that Ritz Carlton as a company exists to serve luxurious hospitality Ritz Carlton hotels are located at more(prenominal) than 70 destinations, the basic customer segment which Ritz-Carlton targets is, lot with ric h modus vivendi in all aspects of life. Irrespective of any geographic location on earth, age, social-cultural belief, persuasion of an individual, the common element that Ritz tries to concentrate is People with Lavish living. hence, it can be invariably noticed that Ritz Carlton adopts concentrated targeting method towards Psychographic segmentation. As Brassington Pettitt (2007) rightly points that lifestyle segmentation is very difficult to define, we came up with following attributes that Ritz Carlton try to target. (See elaborate 1.1).Psychographic SegmentationRitz CarltonFigure 2 Targeting Customer SegmentationFactors Defining Success of Ritz CarltonPerfect Offerings (Product)The product anatomy (See figure 3) of Ritz Carlton illustrates that it is not just a customary hotel which satisfies basic needs but rather, it aspires to provide unforgettable experience to its customers, which perfectly matches its target market. Most importantly, providing value added services as individualized attention very well justify its marketing appeal to customer Experience The Ritz, enabling it to exceed customer expectations. Moreover, this value added services acts as source of tremendous additional r yetues for Ritz Carlton. (Baxter J, 2007) One of vital point to focus is product development undertaken i.e. offerings of particular(a) packages, with a view to win more customers and adapt to current market situations. (See Appendix) Furthermore in hospitality industry, locations act as products, as it creates value to selling points and influence subverters behaviour as well (Brassington Pettitt, 2007). All properties of Ritz Carlton are majority placed in USA, mainland China and European countries which are strategically located as it intends to focus on top most tourism and business destinations of the world. (See UNWTO, 2006) Moreover, Ritz Carlton has its hotels at New York, London, Paris, and Dubai which are beardown(prenominal)est cities in terms of high est occupancy rates of rooms. (Worth S., 2009)ritz_carlton_logo.jpgFigure 3 Product Anatomy of Ritz CarltonDirectly getting in touch with end Customer (Place)In service industry generally, there exist direct selling between service provider and end customer and the basic reason behind this is core characteristics of service products by nature (i.e. Perishability, Intangibility, Heterogeneity, and Inseparability) as discussed above. (Cowell, 1984) The activity of providing service for hotels initiates as soon as customer triggers its efforts for bookings. Ritz Carlton recognises importance of explicate in online booking which almost doubled in 2007 (Research by inciteclick cited in Baxter J., 2007) and offers easy access to its customer to book from its own website. Ritz Carlton has also entered into scoop out available rate programmes with website as (such as Thomson.co.uk, InspiredLuxuryEscapes.com) to play with consumer confidence to get cheapest rates on web. This evidently s uggests that primary focus of Ritz Carlton is to directly contact the customer which is vital need of service marketing i.e. to reach out customer and influence their behaviour encouraging them to experience your service (Brassington Pettitt, 2007). equipment casualty Concentrating towards Sub-Segmentations (Price)Price must convince customers perception towards compensation of service offered and value paid against it (Jacques et al, 2007) and therefore it is vital to ensure that pricing strategy is in synchronisation with segment targeted. As Javalgi et al (2006) rightly indicates that Ritz Carlton extends it services to industry executives, meeting and corporate travel planners, and affluent travellers, targeting sub-segments also plays important role. Ritz-Carlton has carved niche for itself which is evident from various range of values its offer. At Ritz London one night accommodation bes from about 250 up to 3500, while alike in USA markets the range exist between 200$ to 3000$ (As on 10 march 2010). This suggests that Ritz Carlton concentrates on sub segmentation acts as an advantage. However, base pricing is one of the areas where Ritz Carlton needs to seek improvements (See Current Positioning part) to attract more customers.Brassington Pettitt (2007) also brings to notice important issue that price is an important tool to manage demand. Understanding this vital point, during recent tough time company brought out number of attractive packages to influence more customer (Like package of 2 nights stay at 449$ per family) (See Schultenover J Strout E, 2002) and that defines companys ability to motley marketing mix elements as per applicable conditions.Balance Innovative guarantee ( progress)Ritz Carlton involves itself with both form of promotional activities as referred by Berkowitz et al (1992) i.e. product oriented and institution oriented. It adopts a balance promotional strategy ensuring that victimization product oriented approach it conti nuously communicates with customers regarding its USP (Unique Selling Point) and recent offerings on other hand it uses Institution oriented approach to preserve Ritz Carlton as a Unique brand with historical excellence influencing consumer behavior.Impact of Promotion on Consumer Perceptions towards Ritz CarltonHigh ExpertisePremium scratchLife measure ExperienceSymbol of StatusGoing Beyond ExpectationsRespect For BrandA matter of PrideInnovative and benchmark for QualityFigure 4 Impact of Promotion on ConsumerIn addition to this, Ritz Carlton adapts pressure strategy (Brassington Pettitt, 2007) using perfect medium to directly communicate with customer. With rise in concept of Social marketing Ritz Carlton has tied up with Travel Click to actively manage its promotion over web. (Hospitality.Net, 2009) To target business travellers, paper adverts are given in leading business magazines (e.g. Business Traveller) aprospicient with television adverts and advertising in airlines. O ne of the important observations is Ritz Carlton uses its own Website as major promotional medium. All package brochures, promotional videos, Ritz Carltons own magazine are uploaded to website. (See The Ritz Carlton, 2010)One of the significant points of observation is Ritz Carlton provides innovative edge to its promotion strategy. One of the classic examples is, it markets its biggest asset i.e. Employees. thither is not a single promotional videos which fails to give importance to its own staff representing them as creators and followers of high bore standards in industry terming them as Our Ladies human (See The Ritz London, 2008 Ritz Culture, 2007). Apart from this, instead of using simple adverts Ritz Carlton has created short films which are impractical on televisions, hotel rooms, and websites to make people experience what uniqueness of its services is. (See The Delay, 2008 The conclusion Night, 2008, New Gold Standards, 2010, Audi and Tarma, 2007). Hence innovative a nd a balance promotional strategy is one of the important factors responsible behind Ritz Carlton success.Staff- A Biggest addition (People)March, J.G and Simon (1958) emphasise on vital point that organisations are primarily organize and governed by people and therefore image reflection of organisation largely depend upon actions of its staff and this is especially true in case of service industry as it deals with process of interactive marketing (Kotler P and Armstrong G, 2004 Brassington Pettitt,2007). Ritz Carlton understands this vital point and implements customer focused approach. It aims at hiring right people, providing best fit to organisations farming of Putting Customer First who are characterized with a strong sense of values and overall desire to go beyond the call of duty. (Emerald Database, 2003) Furthermore, Ritz Carlton goes step ahead, as an organisation, it strives to get known for its excellent service and that act as a cite to its success. Organisation best at this must try to invest their money, talent, time and attention to strengthen their current positing (Ferrell O.C Hartline M., 2006) and that what Ritz Carlton does by investing in its people. In this process, over the year Ritz Carlton has developed and raised(a) bars of customer services with help of their staff which itself now act as their behavioural core competence that cannot be easily imitated by others. (Johnson et al, 2008 Bacon, 2005) swallownal Values Operations ( puzzle out)It is important for service industry to take over attention to both, employees and customer to successfully implement process of service get ahead chain. Ritz Carlton as an organisation aims to take extreme care and respect for their employees, with an sagacity that, in return they will put up efforts to fulfil regular unexpressed wishes of their customer. (Kotler P and Armstrong G, 2004) The employees are empowered, trained to develop gold standards (See Emerald Database, 2002) and are co nsidered biggest strength of the organisation which produces exemplifying services towards customer. Employees are trained cause to develop relational exchange with customer with a view to accession committedness and development of brand. (Jain R and Jain S, 2006)Creating ValueInternal ProcessCUSTOMER FOCUSFigure 5 Service Profit image for Ritz CarltonAnother important contributing factor is Ritz-Carlton has been successful in maturation its own culture of servicing (Kent W, 1990) which is now considered as gold standards (Benchmark) towards quality development in servicing industry. Ritz Carlton also uses CLASS database with purpose of registering likes/dislikes, Interests, preferences, foregoing problems faced, attitude of both individual customer to provide personalised service. Hence, move all together, these are innovative process that enables Ritz Carlton to fully engage employees and supply a creative delightful experience to its customer on one hand and simultaneous ly developing an unique core competence for itself at other hand.(Timmerman J, 2009)2. Current PositioningAccording to Kotler et al (2009), all marketing strategy is built on STP Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning. A company discovers different needs and groups in the marketplace, targets those needs and groups that it can satisfy in a superior way, and then positions its offering so that the target market recognizes the companys typical offering and image. Positioning is process of analysing product or service, offered in place setting of warring space (includes buyers and competitors) it works out. (See Brassington Pettitt, 2007 Kotler et al 2009) It is a way of creating and spicy a place in the mind of the target market by highlighting the companys offering, brand and image. The ultimate outcome of positioning is a flourishing establishment of a consumer focused value proposition, in other rowing a convincing reason why the target market should buy the product (Kotler , 2003) and therefore it act as base to companys success. This part of assignment aims to explore current positioning of Ritz Carlton in market.The basic idea is to understand customers perception towards our brand and towards our closest competitors. At same point of time identifying attributes that are responsible for creation of this illusion in minds of customerIdentifying relevant attribute playersThe various attribute offered by the brand represents its market position, which are viewed and compared against other brand. Brands that offer similar package of attributes are deemed to be in the same competitive set (Dev C.S et al, 1995) and therefore it is important to concentrate on direct competitors rather than industry as a whole. Efforts must be laid down to identify players with similar attributes competing on same values. (Johnson et al, 2007)It is a nature of the hospitality industry that most of the attributes offered are intangible which makes it wily for the customer to differentiate the offerings of the competitor as such things can be experience only by staying in the hotel. A part of the positioning is also subjective, as it involves customers perception towards brand.Here, analysis is based on Marketing Metrix Hospitality power* which reveals price and level of customer satisfaction from the feedback of more than 35000 customers across world. (See appendix) There are numerous players in hospitality industry targeting luxury segment and so it is decided to firstly filter relevant players on basis of tangible attribute i.e. area of market cover geographically, as analysis is based on worldwide scenario. This enables us to get core market competitors (See figure 2) (To an extent it influences customer choice of hotel, as it defines scope of service being provided and also impacts brand creation process in eye of customer)HotelsArea CoveredNumber of PropertiesRitz Carlton LLCAcross 5 Continents72Fairmont Raffles Hotels International GroupAcros s 5 Continents approximately 65Starwoods Hotel Resorts Le Meridien16 Countries116 quartet Seasons PLC35 Countries Across 5 Continents83intercontinental Hotel GroupAcross 60 Countries166(The Ritz Carlton, 2010 Four Seasons, 2010 InterContinental Hotels Resorts, 2010 Fairmont Hotels Resorts Starwoods Hotel Resorts, 2010)Table 1 Identified Relevant Players on Basis of geographical areaThe other two most important attributes identified from view point of customer are price and quality. Quality can be judged on several others important sub attributes (As Quality of food and beverage, physical appearance and in-room facilities, helpful and courtesy of staff, Technology etc.) and therefore this aspect is judged on basis of customer satisfaction index which provides comprehensive picture of it. roughly MMHI* Based on 35,000 customer interviews conducted each quarter, the Market Metrix Hospitality Index (MMHI) is the largest and most in-depth measure of hospitality company performance a vailable today. (MMHI, 2010)Taj Hotels Resortsrc_logo_enindustriousness CompetitorsFour Seasons Hotels PLCStarwoods Hotel Resorts -ST RegisMandarin Oriental Hotel GroupFairmont Raffles Hotels InternationalJumeirah Hotels Resorts move Pacific Hotels ResortsWyndham Hotel GroupMarket CompetitorsMarriot Hotels Incorporation*Oberoi Hotels ResortsRosewood Hotels groupInter Continental Hotel GroupStarwoods Hotels Resorts Le MeridienFigure 6 Competitors analysis of Ritz-CarltonStarwoods Hotel Resorts* Its Brands, St. Regis Le Meridien targets luxury segment within total of 152 properties across world.Marriot Hotels Incorporation* Although Ritz Carlton is subsidary of Marriot Hotel Incorporation, it has got more than 18 brands and there is defiante possiblity that these brand may compete amongst each other and therefore Marriot Hotel Incorporation is also considered as Industry competitor.Perceptual subroutineThe graph represents all the players targeting luxury segment with widespr ead presence all over the world under hospitality industry. Yet, it must be say that level of quality, prices offered would differ under this banner as well and it is this factor that differentiates best in comparison to modal(a) player in eyes of customer which can be clearly identfied below. Ritz Calton fall under the segment of offering High Quality with High Price.High QualityOberoi HotelsRitz Carlton low-toned PriceHigh PriceFour SeasonsInter ContinentalLe MeridienLow QualityFigure 7 Perceptual officeping of Ritz CarltonPerceprtual Map enales us to find out gaps and provide us inights towards undertaking competitive action needed.(Brassington Pettitt)Gaps to be filled Up Customer needs to be satisfied.Pricing StrategyAs discussed above Ritz Carlton concentrates on sub-segments that act as advantage however the minimum base price it offers is subject to risk. Ritz Carlton price starts at about 200$ while that of Oberoi hotels reporting maximum customer satisfaction (93.7) of fers base price at 85$.Although, Ritz Carlton brand value is quite high compared to Oberoi group yet, Its a huge gap and therefore it must revise its pricing strategy. Moreover, all of its market competitors also offers comparatively too low price, closest being Intercontinental group offering 156$ (See appendix). At same point of time Ritz Carltons closest rival Four Season offers almost equal quality of service (86.6) at price of just 141$ which is matter of worry as well.Improving Loyalty programmesRitz Carlton understands that issue customer satisfaction is one of the vital strategic to retain and maintaining long term relationship with its customer and it is best practising at that. (Bacon, 2005 Emerald Database, 2004) However, there is scope for improvement in its surety programmes as recent data indicates its trustworthyty program strength of 5% compared to industry modal(a) of 10 %. (See appendix). This will enhance its potential to gain increased customer loyalty.Attrac ting New Market by adapting service innovationsRitz Carlton is aware of the fact that the key to a hotels endurance is its ability to cater services with changing needs and life styles of customers. (Min et al, 2002) There is no doubt that organisation completely understands changing taste of consumers i.e. people are now becoming more casual compared to traditional formol approach.(Gunter and Heather, 2007) But this needs to be communicated to customers and therefore, there is need for Ritz Carlton to presents itself as modern, technical hotel group supporting needs of modern, young travellers. At same point of time, as recommended by Victorino et al (2005) company must move further towards service innovation with use of technology to differentiate itself from others. Ritz Carlton has already started implementing go towards this approach however there is need for rapid actions and wide promotions with intentions to apace change consumer perception towards its brand.2000 Euros f or Managing Guest Grievance A Strategic printRitz-Carltons employees are allowed to pass along up to $2,000 to redress a guests grievance. The employees are entrusted to spend the money to make a memorable stay for the guest in the hotel. Employees are encouraged to solve the guests bearings immediately on the spot. Permitting the employees to spend a sum of $2,000 shows how much the company trust the judgement of their employees and employees can even spend more than $2,000 with the permission from general manager. The basic logic behind such action is, with existence of fierce competition within the market it is always difficult for firms to increase their market share and therefore key to continue successful growth lies in devoting larger part of firms resources on existing customers with intention to retain them and gain their loyalty (Tepeci M, 1999) Moreover, such act adds value to brand creation and customer satisfaction and that encourages customer to beseem brand loyal . (Kandampully J and Suhartanto D, 2000) Most importantly, the question of such spending exceeds overheads does not arise as it is obvious that it doesnt get used on every customer. It acts as meaningful amount yet, used rarely. (Reiss R, 2009).Customer satisfaction is the key to customer retention. A greatly satisfied customer stays loyal longer with the company and talks favourably about the company. A loyal customer is less sensitive to price, pays less attention to the competitors brand and cost less to serve than new customer. From the customers who registered a guardianship, between 54% and 70% will do business again with the same company if their complaint is resolved, these number could be pulled up to an overwhelming 95% if the customer experiences that their complaint is resolved quickly. Customers who have complained to an organization and had their complaints satisfactorily resolved tell an average of five people about the good treatment they received (Philip Kotler, 19 77), which indirectly contributes to attract further new customer. Expanding the customer retention rate accumulates the customer lifetime value, and therefore this means life time revenue for company. On other hand company, attracting new customers are costly as that include cost of promotions, advertising and so on which can be avoided. Therefore such action is termed as strategic Move by Ritz Carlton.There is also another point of view to this scenario which impacts internal working culture of within organisation. Allowing such amount to spend makes Employee feel that company respect them, trust them, considers them responsible and valuable and this generates feeling of empowerment impacting concept of service profit chain as discussed above. Employees get more engaged with company and works more responsibly ultimately resulting to exceptional customer service, which is the core aim of organisation.AppendixProduct Development by Ritz Carlton (i.e. to offer superfluous Packages) aims to attract more customers by influencing their behaviour and encouraging them to celebrate this important occasion with them and turn them to Life time Memories. (Festive Season Packages during Easter Christmas, Valentine twenty-four hours at Ritz, Summer Break Packages, Weekends Special, and Family Packages)Ritz Valentine photo.jpg(Rogers Mark, 2009)Along with these Ritz Carlton also developed special packages for companies during times of recession to provide luxury at budgeted economy. Packages were upgraded to more facilities at lower price. Significant efforts were also laid down in promoting it and communication it to end customers as well. This indicates Ritz Carlton ability to act as per changing outer situations (Schultenover J Strout E, 2002)MMHI Results Market Metrix Hospitality index indicating customer satisfaction and average price results for hotels under luxury segment and Up Scale hotels.page0001.jpg(Source MMHI Results, 2009) impression BibliographyOfficial Ritz Carlton Promotional Videos1. New Gold Standard (2010) http//www.youtube.com/ go out?v=IW70hBP5cIc (Promotional Videos at hotel rooms and Websites)2. Ritz Culture (2007) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_iFSAAoQ-A (Interview of Diana Oreck, Vice president Global Learning and Leadership Center)3. The Last Night (2008) http//video.yahoo.com/watch/2296201/7207129 (Ritz Carlton little Film in association with America Express)4. The Delay (2008) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oFz8E5fbJQ (Ritz Carlton Short Film in association with America Express)5. The Ritz London (2008) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQGlyhlhcK0 (Documentary on The Ritz London)

Sport Psychology :: essays research papers

A unofficial ofThe Psychosocial Characteristics of Olympic Track and Field AthletesFortunately, it was quite a simple labour to find a research topic cited to the material that we become covered so far in sport psychology. After well-nigh quick searching, we ran across a rather interesting article written in the International Journal of Sport Psychology that could obviously be useful. Conveniently, it was in the most recent issue of this particular journal for sale in the Evansdale Library.Entitled, Psychosocial Characteristics of Olympic Track and Field Athletes, this article happened to be ace that we could easily relate too. Because both of us are runners, we share a definite commonality with the subjects of the study. This is true, even though neither of us lead actually make it to the Olympics to perform at the subjects standards. At least, though, it is possible to relate highly to these interesting people.Basically, the purpose of this particular study was to identif y the item personality characteristics of 15 Olympic caliber track and field athletes. Certainly, several(prenominal) people, especially sport psychologists, would like to know if there are precise attitudes and personalities that belong to the topnotch athletes of the world. Pretty simple request, right? Or at least it sounds that way. To perform this experiment, each of the athletes was asked six standardized questions. For instance, one of the questions focussed packly on the subject of How do you prepare for a competition. The athletes responses to these questions were record word for word and analyzed for content.Interestingly enough, typical themes could be gear up throughout their responses. For example, some(a) of the athletes would mention that a higher power was some how related to e verything that they have done. The people performing this study would relate this to the family of spiritual/ religious factors. Also, a couple of the runners claimed that their lives wer e completely based on the theme of mental skills and attitudes such as hard work and perseverance. It was very easy to notice that these themes appeared time after time, for each question answered by the same person. The researchers concluded that these emerging themes play an important role in the psychological development of each athlete. While it isnt a direct correlation, the work these researchers have done could be somewhat related to developments in psychological skills training.

Ecological Self :: essays research papers

kind is a whirlwind of color through a society. There are no two pot in the world that are exactly alike. identity distinguishes one person or thing from others (Landau, 364 Ed). A persons environment as a whole an interaction with others, experiences, and time, makes a montage of traits that distinguishes someone as an individual. David Sibleys theory of the Ecological Self or indistinguishability is bound by his determents of social, cultural, and spatial place setting. Sibley believes that class, race, gender, and nation stipulations our identity, it is a genius concept that is determineed by our experiences from the world. I do non reserve with this claim because nation are individuals, not a development of their surroundings. identity is not a single(a) concept, there are many factors that learn it, environment cannot just effect identity.Sibley is a British sociologist that has dedicated his conduct to the studies behind the Ecological Self. Sibley claims that th e Ecological Self is not home(a), it cannot be divide from the physical. The social positioning of the ego means that the boundary between ego and other is formed through a series of cultural representations of people and things which frequently elide so that the non-human world as well as provides a context for selfhood (Sibley, 250). The other, that is being spoken of, is besides known as the Generalized Other. This is when we cannot disperse from the physical and consider it to be the norm. How do I know who I am? Where do I fit in? Internal and out-of-door forces mildew our instinct of self. Heredity and personal moral are examples of intimate forces. Children are often most effected by this. The forces of physical hereditary pattern takes place mainly in childhood, though even as adults we buzz off the possibility of dealing in our personal development (Grunewald, 2). Environment also plays an important role in the formation of self-identity. The surroundings, whi ch can include people, places, and experiences, mold an individual into whom they become. The past shapes our identities, and builds from our experiences. It is our memories which help us make the connections, gives us the insights, and provides us with the horse sense of continuity, which is so important for our personal identity (http//ozcountry.com/ invigoration/tip5.html). When we go through times of crisis, massive changes, serious illness, deep conflicts or stress, our sense of self can be seriously challenged, particularly if we turn in not faced such experiences before.Ecological Self essays research papers miscellany is a whirlwind of color through a society. There are no two people in the world that are exactly alike. laissez faire distinguishes one person or thing from others (Landau, 364 Ed). A persons environment as a whole an interaction with others, experiences, and time, makes a montage of traits that distinguishes someone as an individual. David Sibleys theo ry of the Ecological Self or Identity is bound by his determents of social, cultural, and spatial context. Sibley believes that class, race, gender, and nation shapes our identity, it is a single concept that is molded by our experiences from the world. I do not pit with this claim because people are individuals, not a development of their surroundings. Identity is not a single concept, there are many factors that shape it, environment cannot just effect identity.Sibley is a British sociologist that has dedicated his life to the studies behind the Ecological Self. Sibley claims that the Ecological Self is not internal, it cannot be marooned from the physical. The social positioning of the self means that the boundary between self and other is formed through a series of cultural representations of people and things which frequently elide so that the non-human world also provides a context for selfhood (Sibley, 250). The other, that is being spoken of, is also known as the Generaliz ed Other. This is when we cannot dissever from the physical and consider it to be the norm. How do I know who I am? Where do I fit in? Internal and foreign forces mold our sense of self. Heredity and personal moral are examples of internal forces. Children are often most effected by this. The forces of physical inheritance takes place mainly in childhood, though even as adults we have the possibility of dealing in our personal development (Grunewald, 2). Environment also plays an important role in the formation of self-identity. The surroundings, which can include people, places, and experiences, mold an individual into whom they become. The past shapes our identities, and builds from our experiences. It is our memories which help us make the connections, gives us the insights, and provides us with the sense of continuity, which is so important for our personal identity (http//ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html). When we go through times of crisis, massive changes, serious illness, dee p conflicts or stress, our sense of self can be seriously challenged, particularly if we have not faced such experiences before.

Will Eastern Europe become the New Periphery to the Prosperous Nations

Will Eastern atomic number 63 bring into being the New Periphery to the Prosperous Nations of the West? Enlargement is one the virtu eachy important opportunities for the European Union as it prepares for the 21st century. It is a unique, historic task to further the integration of the continent by peaceful means, extending a zone of stability and prosperity to overbold members. www.europa.com/ec/enlarge European Union Enlargement ========================== At its summit in Luxembourg in December 1997, the European Commission decided that the enlargement should encompass the European Conference, a multilateral framework bringing together ten exchange European countries, Cyprus and Turkey, launched in 1998 on the 12 march the accession process, back ten central European countries and Cyprus, launched in the same year on the 30th march the accession negotiations, which the European Council decided to open on the 31st march 1998 with six countrie s recommended by the European Commission Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. The European Union has already had m whatsoever successful enlargements such as the United Kingdom in 1973 and as well Greece in 1981 and most tardily Sweden in 1995. So therefore there should not be any problems with expansion again. However the expansion under consideration today is unlike then before. It is unique because the area would increase by 34% and as well the population would increase by 105 million that will also involve the membership of different cultures and histories. Eastern Europe and the Balkans would benefit importantly by the enlargement because of the single ... ... prosperous and also more believably to merge with the European Union without many problems and mainly be fit to keep most of their workers there or even pull new investors into the area. So in conclusion as long as the integration and the European Union Acc ession Partnership before integration takes go in and is followed carefully and all goes well then the Balkan area and even all of Central and Eastern Europe could integrate and not become peripheral device but prosperous memberstates instead. Word Count 2,100 References Peter Coffey The Future of Europe. Agenda 2000 for a Stronger and Wider Union Brian Hill, The European Union, 2nd edn, Heinemann Educational, 1994 1991-1999 EU assistance to South-Eastern Europe & Western Balkans - Figures www.europa.com/ec/enlarge www.europa.com