Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Literature Review about statistical process control (SPC) Term Paper

Literature Review about statistical process control (SPC) - Term Paper Example It can be employed in any production unit (which generates material or data as outputs) where the process can thus remain independent from constant supervision. Although there can be variety in products and the required steps necessary for the production process, the SPC analysis remains uniform. SPC is advantageous over other methods of control particularly since it ensures that the production is not affected to any significant degree due to interruptions since it requires no direct inspection. Only "Out of control" process can be covered by SPC. An â€Å"in-control-process† does not always refer to an acceptable and desirable output. This conceptual misunderstanding often results in misleading applications of SPC. If not properly perceived, SPC can lead to loss of production. The Control chart is the fundamental tool for SPC. It is a graphical representation defined by the plot of measured data (at least 15 observations) on the chart. Using control charts the changes in the inherent process from the accumulated data can be identified. This, in turn determines the ‘special’ cause that affects the results. In a control chart the ‘central line’, denoted by a solid line reflects the average of the accumulated data points and passes through the middle of the graph. Control limits are the lines (a specified distance is maintained from the central line) in the control chart which are calculated by using statistical tools and indicate the behavior of the process i.e whether the process is ‘out of control’ or ‘in-control’. There are two type of control limits- (i) the upper control limit (UCL) and (ii) the lower control limit (LCL). UCL and LCL are defined by the following rule: UCL = centre line + 3* SD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ equ.(1) Recall that a Percentile is given by the division of pointed data in hundred equally divided groups. The nth percentile Pn is defined as- n% of the data points are on or below this

Monday, October 28, 2019

2.5 work file Essay Example for Free

2.5 work file Essay Directions: Complete the food safety interactive quiz. Use the information from the interactive quiz to complete the following responses regarding food safety practices. For each of the following food safety practices, share at least 2 statements from the interactive quiz. Be sure to put these statements in your own words and explain why they are helpful in preventing food borne illness. An example would be: When dining from a buffet, make sure hot food is hot and cold food is cold. Food that is 40 – 140 degrees Fahrenheit has already begun to grow bacteria and pathogens. Clean (16 points): 1. After handling raw meat, poultry, fish, or eggs wash your hands because you can get a foodborne illness. 2. Rinse fruits and vegetables with running tap water before eating, cutting, and cooking to reduce amount of bacteria present. Separate (16 points): 1. Keep many foods separate to avoid cross-contamination. It is the transfer of harmful bacteria from foods to other foods. Especially, when handling raw meat, eggs, or poultry. 2. Be sure to wash your counter and utensils with hot, soapy water to kill bacteria. Cook (16 points): 1. I f you leave cooked food out for 8 hours, throw away the food. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay Bacteria can grow rapidly and cause illness when it has the nutrients it needs. 2. You can a hamburger is cooked when you use a food temperature and the internal part of the hamburger is 160 F. Chill (16 points): 1. Freezing food should be kept and 0 F and below because it inactivates microbes- bacteria, yeasts, and mold. 2. By refrigerating foods at cold temperatures, you keep bacteria from multiplying. In your own kitchen, explain 2 food safety practices you feel your family can improve and 2 food safety practices you feel your family does well. (16 points) 2 food safety practices are: Run fruits and vegetables under tap water before cooking, eating, and cutting. Refrigerate food when not being used because bacteria forms rapidly. 2 safety practices: Wash utensils with warm, soapy water. Clean your counter with warm, soapy water to kill bacteria. In what ways do your school and community practice or promote food safety to contribute to your personal health? (20 points) They contribute to this by reducing pollution and cleaning up the community. By doing these little things, it can help my lungs be full of oxygen and not pollutants and cleaning up the community can save my life my protecting fish that I eat.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Wallis Simpson Essay -- essays research papers fc

American socialite Wallis Simpson, the woman for whom Edward VIII gave up the throne in 1936, is variously portrayed as a greedy snob, a sexual predator or part of the romance of the century. A complex figure emerges: a strong-willed woman, hungry for independence, but caught up in a situation she could not control. Mrs. Wallis Simpson has become an emotional figure in history. Along with this, many descriptions of her personality and motives for being with Edward have caused some extremely negative descriptions; the nicer ones range from witch to seductress. So who really was Mrs. Wallis Simpson? Bessie Wallis Warfield, named after her aunt and her father, as she was born in Baltimore, Maryland, was something of a misfit from the start. Her arrival in June 19,1896 came just seven months after the marriage of her parents, causing some embarrassment to Warfield relatives for whom moral propriety was essential as the elite of Baltimore society. Bessie's father died when she was five months old and throughout her formative years, she and her mother had to rely on irregular handouts from a wealthy relative. Because her father left them with no money so they relied charity from her mother’s husband’s late brother. As Wallis grew into a young woman, she was not necessarily considered pretty. Yet Wallis had a sense of style and poses that made her distinguished and attractive. She had radiant eyes, good complexion and fine, smooth black hair, which she kept parted down the middle for most of her life. Bessie discarded her first name - because "so many cows are called Bessie" - and learned how to flirt. But she was still shut out of the world she regarded as her birthright. Soon after the humiliation of "coming out" without the usual debutante's celebration ball, she grasped the first means of escape from Baltimore by becoming engaged. On November 8 1916 she was married to her first husband, at the age of 20 was to a Navy pilot Earl Winfield Spencer. The marriage was reasonably good until the end of World War I when many ex-soldiers became bitter at the inconclusiveness of the war and the difficulty in adapting back to civilian life. After the Armistice, Win began to drink heavily and also became abusive. Wallis eventually left Win and lived six years by herself in Washington. Win and Wallis weren't yet divorced a... ...buried alongside Edward in the royal burial ground at Windsor. Bibliography 1.Agate, James. Ego 8: Continuing the Autobiography of†¦ London, 1948. Illusts. 8vo. or.cl. (272pp). 2. Bloch, Michael. The Duke of Windsor's War. London, 1982. Illusts. Royal 8vo. or.cl. (398pp). 3. Bloch, Michael (ed). Wallis & Edward: Letters 1931-1937. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986. 4. Broad, Lewis. Queens, Crowns and Coronations. London, 1952. Illusts. 8vo. or.cl. (184pp). 5. Bryan, J.B. and, C.J.V. Murphy. The Windsor Story. London, 1979. Illusts. 8vo. or.cl. (640pp). 6. Buchan, John. Memory Hold the Door. London, 1940. Illusts. 8vo. or.cl. (328pp). 7. King, Greg; The Duchess of Windsor: The Uncommon Life of Wallis Simpson; Kensington Pub Corp: April 2003 8. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright  © 2003 Columbia University Press. 9. Encyclopedia, â€Å"Love Stories of the Century†, Jan. 16, ‘04; www.encyclopedia.com 10. The History Channel, Search; Jan. 16, ‘04, www.historychannel.com 11. Warwick, Christopher. Abdication. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986. 12. Ziegler, Paul, King Edward VIII: The Official Biography (London: Collins. 1990) 224.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Nasha is my idol Essay

Natasha (Russian: Ð Ã °Ã'‚Ð °ÃŒ Ã'ˆÐ °) is a female given name of Russian origin. Originally it was a diminutive form of Natalia, which in turn derives from the Latin Dies Natalies, meaning â€Å"Natal Day† or â€Å"Birthday† in reference to the traditional birth of Jesus. It was traditionally given to girls born around Christmas.[1] In Russia and other post-Soviet countries this name still remains only an unofficial diminutive form, while in the West it became an independent given name, probably under influence of Natasha Rostova from Leo Tolstoi’s â€Å"War and Peace†. Alexis Davis (born Natasha Cassadine) on the soap opera General Hospital Other Natashas[edit] Natasha (monkey), macaque at the Safary Park zoo near Tel Aviv, Israel Natasha’s Story, 1994 non-fiction book Where is Baby Natasha? A sesame street children’s book â€Å"Natasha†, a song on the 2003 album Want One by Rufus Wainwright â€Å"Natasha†, a song by American grindcore band Pig Destroyer released on 2004 album Terrifyer as bonus, and also as separate ep album. Natacha (comics) a French comic about an air hostess Natascha Kampusch, an Austrian author who was kidnapped at the age of 10 years old Natascha is the name of an unlockable weapon in Team Fortress 2

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Drama Story Death Of A Salesman Essay

Death of a Salesman is a play written by Arthur Miller. Basically, Miller was not a very prolific writer and Death of a Salesman had been his most famous work. At a certain point, this particular play could be regarded as a tragedy although not in the normal sense. What I mean when I said ‘tragedy though not in the normal sense† is that usually we associate tragedy from a person with a very high status who in the end had been faced with many problems which led to his failure. However, such had not been the case with this particular play since from the beginning Willy Loman really never had anything good. The brilliance within this play lies with the fact that Miller had been able to portray a certain sense on his audience that tragedy is not for the rich or for the better-off person’s alone. Rather, tragedy is a part of our everyday life and thus it could happen to anyone of us. He had been able to portray that particular part by making the play revolve most on Willy Loman. As a matter of fact, Loman is almost the same as that of being a ‘low man’. The play made use of interplay of two time frames basically that of the past and the present. The protagonist in this story is Willy Loman whose occupation is that of a businessman. Willy had been one of the victims of the so-called American dream and he love competitions. All throughout the play phrases such as ‘well-liked’, ‘I’m going to lose weight’ and the like could be found, and they are repeated numerous time. One may wonder what those repetitions mean. Basically, the significance behind those repetitions lies on the fact that Willy believe that it is the outer appearance which would bring you success and not one’s intelligence per se. For Willy academic performance is of no significance, rather it is being admired and well-liked that really matters. This can be seen from the scenes wherein he often reiterated that Charley and Bernard are both ‘liked’ but not ‘well-liked’. All throughout the play Willy dreamed of being a very popular salesman so that when he dies people all throughout the world would come to pay their respect to him. The reason why he had not been a successful man may lie on the fact that what he tried to sell had not been his goods, rather it was his character. Dave Salesman had been Willy’s role model and he greatly idolizes the man to the point that he wanted his death to be the same as that of Singleman. Miller showed his genius by naming his characters â€Å"Singleman† and â€Å"Loman† since there is a great allegory between the two. Miller named the pleasant salesman as Singleman mainly because he wanted his audience to think of Dave as a single man who had never been committed to anyone and who had never shared his life with his family. In contrast, Loman is almost the same as that of â€Å"low man† which could possibly mean a man with a very low sense of morality and the like. Thus, since Singleman is Loman’s hero it greatly shows the contrast between the two and it also showed Willy’s weird opinion of what success is like. The death of a salesman talks not only of the literal death of Willy who as the story goes committed suicide since it is the only alternative he sees in order to secure his dreams (which re left for his sons to continue), rather the story also talked about the death of Willy’s dream. As mentioned earlier, Willy believes that success lies within being well-liked and being popular. Willy said Charley is not very much well-liked and yet as was seen on the play Charley is very much successful as compared to Willy. One of the main themes of the story is â€Å"the American dream†. Based on Willy’s understanding, what constitutes an â€Å"American Dream† is being well-liked and being attractive which in turn would result in success. However, his bizarre opinion of what success is like led to his own downfall. This blind belief led tom psychological decline which in turn made him daydream a lot. All throughout the scene there’s a constant drift from past to present which often time confuses the audience on which timeframe the casts of the story is in at the moment. However, the use of the two timeframes gave Miller an opportunity to compare and to contrast Willy’s dream and reality. The shift of one timeframe to another also allowed Miller to forbid his audience to have a permanent opinion of his characters since it allowed him to show the characters in the story in pathetic and wicked light alike. However, as Willy experienced a psychological decline the boundary between the past and the present are no longer define and thus both existed in a parallel ground. When Biff informed Willy of his interview with Bill Oliver Willy advised him to demand for a high amount of salary from Oliver claiming that if his son starts big then he would also end big. He also made it a point to impress Oliver with Biff’s personality. This particular scene showed how very unrealistic Willy is. It also contradicted the belief that everyone should start small and work little by little up the corporate ladder since Willy believes that they could all start big since they are a Loman. Thus, this particular advice of Willy to his son proved to be very contradictory. Also, Willy himself did not follow his own advice with his interview with Howard. Whereas he advised his son to ask Oliver for a large amount, he himself did not do that with his interview. Rather, he begged Howard to station him in New York since he can no longer deal with too much traveling. He even said that he is willing to accept a moderate salary. This also showed a great contradiction with Willy’s advice and his own deed. In analyzing stage directions made for Happy â€Å"Sexuality is like a visible color for him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we could see that Americans wrote plays which show step by step how a character is supposed to act. It also spells their characters age, characteristic and the like. They are very strict in this manner in that they spell everything out down to the smallest detail. In the play, one could see that Willy is a victim of his society, particularly that of capitalism. This can clearly be shown from his interview with Howard, the son of his boss. Since he could no longer produce money, Howard fired him out of his job. All throughout the story we can see Willy’s strong hold on his American dream which served him nothing but misery in the end, and now that he is old and no longer productive he had been thrown out of his job. Another significant part on the movie is the fact that the play is set in post World War II New York City, yet Willy’s flashbacks date back to 1928. The reason behind this is that it was in year 1928 that Willy had been able to sell big time and it was also the year that he bought his Chevrolet. Thus, seeing from this point of view one could clearly justify why most of Willy’s flashbacks happened in that particular year. It was in year 1928 that Willy had been most productive and it may lead him to believe that it is the start of his great career. Biff Loman had been a kleptomaniac on the story. This particular attitude may be attributed to the fact that his father did not tell him that stealing is bad. In one particular act on the play Biff told his father that he stole a football yet Willy did not reprimand his son. Rather he said that as long as Biff is well-liked he would be very successful one day. His father’s belief flowed into him believing that people would easily forgive him for stealing things as long as he is popular. One of the reasons why Biff had been constantly stealing things is the fact that he wanted to please his family. Most of all Biff wanted to impress his father by showing him that he could get anything he wants at whatever cost. What Charley meant when he said in Willy’s requiem that Willy is a â€Å"happy man with a batch of cement† (Miller, Williams, & Paul, 1984) is the fact that Willy had not been doing the things he really want or the things that he is most good at. Willy is not really cut out to be a businessman to begin with rather he could have been better off had he been a gym owner or a sport’s coach. Willy had also been a man who enjoys doing things with his hands (he loves planting) and thus it makes the audiences wonder on whether Willy had been better off had he chosen a more appropriate career for himself. It also pointed out how Willy had never been true to himself. He did not succeed in any way because he is in constant competition and he had always been after commercial success although he is not really good with that particular thing. Commercial success overshadowed personal success and happiness which in turn led to a greater tragedy. Everything about Willy had been wrong from the start. He had the wrong beliefs as well as the wrong dream. He loves gardening and he is good with working with his hands thus if he had chosen another path (probably that of farming) then he may have had a better chance with success. The Parent/Child relationship had been present all throughout the play. Miller clearly showed how a parent’s belief and way of rearing up their children could affect their child all throughout their life. This can be seen clearly with the way Willy passed on his dreams and beliefs to his two sons. Willy’s wrong beliefs had been the primary source why his sons also failed in their lives. In one of the scenes in the play wherein Biff and Willy had been arguing Willy accused his son of ruining his life just to spite him however Biff rebutted him by saying that Willy filled him with hot air which led to his inability of getting any permanent job because he cannot bear taking orders from other people. I think Biff’s claim is more accurate as compared to his father. Of course, it is true that Biff’s disappointment with his father made him lose interest in pursuing his studies however, the main reason why Biff could not really find a good work for himself is because his father made him believe in wrong beliefs particularly that he is far superior to other people. To conclude, the play had been rather interesting because of its clear way of portraying the effects of capitalism. It also showed how wrong beliefs particularly that of beliefs regarding American Dream could lead to the distraction of people. The play also portrayed how the parent/child relationship could affect an individual thus all in all the play is exceptional save for the fact that there are times that the play is rather vague because of the constant interplay between past and present. Reference: Miller, A. , Williams, L. M. , & Paul, K. (1984). Death of a Salesman: Barron’s Educational Series.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Compensation and Employement Motivation

Compensation and Employement Motivation Free Online Research Papers Compensation and motivation are two things which go hand in hand in business management. Motivation is important in any field, whether it is a business, armed services or even in sports. On the other hand compensation is an effective lever used world wide to inspire and motivate an individual. It orbits around a common principle of taking extra than the current market standard and giving a performance of hindered and ten percent. It is seen that without motivation an individual cannot perform at its best even if the circumstances are constructive, favorable and conducive (Greer, 2003). In today’s world many organizations operate in very competitive and cutthroat conditions as paramount performance is being demanded by them. They have to recruit those individuals who are best of the best and can take organization to a new pedestal. The concept of performance based payment system is also associated with it. If we take a leaf from history, we come to know that there performance based system was there at the time of industrial revolution in eighteen century in Britain. Then it was fine tuned and was made individual performance based system. The point behind bringing this piece of information is to tell the reader that there has been a lot of work done on this system before and it is something which is not alien in the field of human resource management as it has been practiced years ago. In this paper, compensation and motivation are described in individual at first and then followed by a conclusion in the end (Greer, 2003). Compensation In an organization, one of the most important a manger or a human resource manager has to look after is the compensation plans and how they are going to be implemented. From right left and center, management is bombarded with different advices over what should be the mode of payment but most of the time it is wrong. Compensation itself remains very much influx. Companies have to decide whether to have stock options or bonuses as for compensation and they are not defined or constrained to the higher level only, they run from the top of hierarchy to the end of it. In deciding he compensations, human resource managers have to clearly distinguish between the labor costs and the labor rates. Cutting the labor rates would not cut down the labor costs. If the enterprise is efficiently and efficiently run, it can increase its productivity for example and organization that produces one ton of steel every day needed only thirty men to operate it whereas on the other hand another steel mill that produces same one ton of steel every day has to recruit sixty men to perform the job. So as I have said, all the thing boils down to the productivity. If a firm is more productive, less labour will be required and cost on labour can be reduced significantly. Another thing which needed to be taken care of is the type of person a human resource executive is recruiting for the company. For example if he replaces a person who is taking $2000 a month with a person who is taking $500 a month then he might be replacing an individual much more experienced with an individual who may be a novice (Brown, 2008). This will have a negative effect on the productivity as it would be lowered down (Mathis, 2007). Labor costs would have been put under control by the human resource manager but it would be a futile effort as deteriorating quality of productivity will compel him or her to recruit more individuals which would hence increase the labor costs, while still keeping the labour rates at $500. So the nuthshell of this argument was to see whether you have require best prodcuctivity or lower labor rates. Yes it is quite true that accountants and executives of a firm are quite concerned about the costs too, particularly labour costs in general but every thing have to be crafted with utmost dexterity and agility that there must not be a compromise on productivity. Another thing human resource manager must keep in mind is that he or she should devise the compensation plans by benchmarking the industry standards (Mathis, 2007). It should be competitive and must meet the expectations of the worker. To delineate my argument further I would like to explain it with an example such as of textile industry. If labor is getting wage for $300 per mo nth over there , it might not be necessary that a person employed in the shoe manufacturing industry must be getting the same wage too because the way of doing things might be different so a manger must keep this thing also in check. If a standard wage rate is applied all across the industry, it can hurt employees and can lower down their morale which can lower down the productivity ultimately leading towards losses (Bratton, 1999). Employee Motivation As I have said earlier, compensation and motivation are different things but are linked together. If a company delineates every thing to its employees and pays them a handsome package, an employee would naturally be motivated to do hard work and to produce its best. Yes things can go wrong or in other words deviation might be there if the work environment is not amiable and conducive (Brown, 2008). Basic question which arises over here is that how a company can motivate its people well? Answer lies in some basic and easy steps which need to be followed. Paying an individual well might motivate him to work harder but it might not help him to give his best shot on the field or might not retain him for a long time in the organization. To retain an employee and to keep him inspired, motivated and enthused, an employee must be empowered (Bratton, 1999). This is the only way in which employee feels the ownership of business and can take on decision on trusting its gut feeling which can boost its morale by enhancing decision making power. How it can be done? Well an employee can be motivated if you clearly define him the objective to achieve. In this way he can understand well what is required and can focus on a single thing instead of running bizarre and coming up with nothing leading to a bad performance. Secondly, most of the employees also loose interest in the job because they feel a bit unskilled in their respective positions to perform a job so they must be given refresher courses so they can increase their ability to take daunting tasks and can perform well which can add stars to their appraisal feedback. Thirdly, to motivate an employee, one has to familiarize him or her with the culture surrounding it. Without it one would retain his or her hermit like position in the company which can hurt an organization the most. Being creative and active is what is required in an organization which results in high and outclasses performance making individual stand out of the league (Pfeffer, 1998). Apart from this all, it is always advised to the human resource manager that he or she must sit down and discuss the job description with the employee. In this way the human resource manager gets to know about the employee well and can also delineate what is required by him. In this way a partner profile is being made in which critical behaviors, attitudes and skills are defined by the employee to the employer. The employee on the other hand can tell the manager of how he would like the things to be handled and what he will do at what wage rate. It creates a common understanding between the company and the employee which creates a good rapport between each other and hence can play a vital role in employee to be motivated (Cappelli, 2008). Conclusion Summing up the whole debate, I would like to reiterate it again that there has been a hidden or latent relationship between the compensation and employee motivation. Yes sometimes, compensation is not always the main thing as job security, environment and company’s culture also plays a part in keeping an employee motivated. There are many examples which clearly tells us that compensation is not the only thing left to be watched, people have left lucrative jobs just because of the fact that they have not been well adjusted in the environment. This happens in most of the organizations especially in multi national companies where cross cultural issues come in notice. If this happens much more stress is to be laid on the motivation side instead of making compensation more lucrative. Adjusting and assimilating an employee well into a system and retaining him for the rest and making him perform at his or her best for the rest of the life should be the main goal of an executive runni ng the company. References: Bratton, J (1999). Human resource management: Theory and practice. McMillan press Limited. Brown, D (2008, september,01). Measuring The Effectiveness Of Pay And Rewards: The Achilles. Compensation and Benefits Review, 40, Retrieved November 28,2008, from http://cbr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/40/5/23 Cappelli, P (2008, March). Talent Management for the twenty-first century. Harvard Business Review, Reprint: R0803E, 107-117. Greer, C (2003). Strategic human resource management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mathis, R (2007). Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: South-Western College Publication. Pfeffer, J (1998, May). Six dangerous myths about pay. Harvard Business Review, Product no. 6773, 109-119. Research Papers on Compensation and Employement MotivationThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part OnePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyDefinition of Export Quotas

Monday, October 21, 2019

Free Essays on Mars

Mars The planet Mars is nicknamed the god of war. The Planet probably got its name from its red color, Mars is sometimes called the red planet. Mars’ orbit is significant because it is elliptical. Mars average temperature is about -55C and at the winter poles it is almost about 27 C. There are four major land forms on Mars. Olympus Mons is the largest mountain in the solar system rising 24 km above the surrounding plain. Its plain is more than 500 km in diameter and is rimmed by a cliff 6 km high. Tharsis is a huge bulge on the Martian surface that is about 4000 km across and 10 km high. Valles Marineris is a system of canyons 4000 km long and from 2 to 7 km deep. Hellas Planita is an impact crater in the southern hemisphere over 6 km deep and 2000 km in diameter. Most of the Martian surface is very old and scattered, but there are many other valleys, ridges, hills and plains. The most likely contrast of the sun is that its dense core is about 1700km in radius, a molten rocky mantle a little denser than the earth’s and a thin crust. With Mars relatively low density compared to the other planets its appears that its core probably contains a relatively large fraction of sulfur in addition to iron. Mars also appears to lack active plate tectonics . Having no lateral plate motion, hot spots under the crust stay in a fixed position relative to the surface. There is no evidence of volcanic activity on the planet Mars. There lots of erosion and small floods that happen on Mars. There is other possibilities of other fluids besides water on planet Mars . The age of erosion channels is estimated to be about nearly 4 billion years. Doing to Mar’s plate tectonics it is not able to recycle any of this carbon dioxide back into its atmosphere and so cannot sustain a significant green house effect. The surface of Mars is colder than the earth would be at that distance of the sun. It has a thin atmosphere composed of tiny amount of Ca... Free Essays on Mars Free Essays on Mars Mars The planet Mars is nicknamed the god of war. The Planet probably got its name from its red color, Mars is sometimes called the red planet. Mars’ orbit is significant because it is elliptical. Mars average temperature is about -55C and at the winter poles it is almost about 27 C. There are four major land forms on Mars. Olympus Mons is the largest mountain in the solar system rising 24 km above the surrounding plain. Its plain is more than 500 km in diameter and is rimmed by a cliff 6 km high. Tharsis is a huge bulge on the Martian surface that is about 4000 km across and 10 km high. Valles Marineris is a system of canyons 4000 km long and from 2 to 7 km deep. Hellas Planita is an impact crater in the southern hemisphere over 6 km deep and 2000 km in diameter. Most of the Martian surface is very old and scattered, but there are many other valleys, ridges, hills and plains. The most likely contrast of the sun is that its dense core is about 1700km in radius, a molten rocky mantle a little denser than the earth’s and a thin crust. With Mars relatively low density compared to the other planets its appears that its core probably contains a relatively large fraction of sulfur in addition to iron. Mars also appears to lack active plate tectonics . Having no lateral plate motion, hot spots under the crust stay in a fixed position relative to the surface. There is no evidence of volcanic activity on the planet Mars. There lots of erosion and small floods that happen on Mars. There is other possibilities of other fluids besides water on planet Mars . The age of erosion channels is estimated to be about nearly 4 billion years. Doing to Mar’s plate tectonics it is not able to recycle any of this carbon dioxide back into its atmosphere and so cannot sustain a significant green house effect. The surface of Mars is colder than the earth would be at that distance of the sun. It has a thin atmosphere composed of tiny amount of Ca...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Computer Ethics Essay Sample

Computer Ethics Essay Sample Computer Ethics Essay Computer ethics entails practices, values, and procedures that rule the process of access and consumption of computing technology and the linking disciplines without distorting the moral beliefs and values of people or the entire community. It is a concept in ethics that mainly focus on the ethical issues and challenges that result from the use of computers and strategies to curb them. Computer ethics majorly enforce the implementation of ethical computing procedures and usage of the computing materials and outlines the required methods that curb unauthorized transfer of digital contents. The discipline also helps to minimize other unethical processes, for instance, infringing copyrights as well as trademarks. The major aspects that relate to computer ethics mainly base on cases regarding the use of the internet, for example, privacy and user interactions with software, websites and other connected services. The common aspects of a computer ethics are such as privacy concerns, the intellectual property rights, and the impact of computers on the society. Personal data is vital when engaging in any business and thus available to other people as well as organizations. Privacy should, therefore, be upheld to protect this personal information through a technique called encryption. Privacy entails the ability of an individual to make reproductive and personal decisions w ithout any interference that is, freedom from any form of surveillance. Computer ethics describes information technology and the way to explore this technology to the users. Computer ethics also outline the challenges of running computer software and hardware as a result of misuse by the users. The modern society depends vastly on the computer networks to leverage the social and business life and thus there erupts both personal and social ethical concerns. Lack of computers would halt most of the industries today. However, most of the electronic communication between individuals and businesses, for instance, do not guarantee any privacy and security. Initially, when the computer technology was established, there was an absence of ethical standards regarding their use which resulted in challenges. However, the discussion in computer ethics brought a consensus and had solved the computer related problems. Some of the commandments regarding computer ethics dictate that one is not allowed to use a computer to harm others as it is highly unethical. It is ther efore immoral for one to access and distort other people’s files. Computer ethics also dictates that one should not interfere with another person’s work and therefore spreading and generating computer viruses to others is considered unethical. Snooping around files that do not belong to you means invading other people’s privacy and this is similar to break into others people’s rooms which are considered unethical. Using computers to steal or log into other people accounts, bank or company is similar to robbery thus ethical.It is against computer ethics to use computers to bear false witness against someone or copy any software without paying for it first. No individual is allowed to access other people’s resources without being authorized to do so and appropriating somebody else’s intellectual output is against the commandments of computer ethics. It is ethical for one to consider the consequences of any program they write and individuals are encouraged to think about computers in a broad social perspective. Compu ter ethics dictate that every person should use a computer in a way that enhances respect and consideration to ensure safety and satisfaction. Currently, we live in an era where computers are vastly used, and almost every individual has a chance to explore the internet before they commence their formal education. In this way, computers can be described as electronic devices that are human-made with the aim of maximizing welfare and convenience, with no thoughts process internally regarding moral actions.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Alcoa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alcoa - Assignment Example The calculated ROE is consequently higher though the assets utilization ratios are worse in 2007 than 2006. e) In the third quarter of 2007, the sales figures are lower than in the previous two quarters. This is due to lower third party sales of all product segments. This has impacted the ROE. Sales in the fourth quarter are at about the same level as the third quarter. The reported net profit for the quarter is higher due to the restructuring adjustment from the agreement to sell the packaging and consumer business of the company. f) The Balance Sheet data shows that the increase in assets is due to major additions in Properties, Plant and Equipment which suggest a major increase in production capacity. Current assets and in particular receivables and inventories are lower in 2007 compared to 2006. Data on capacity utilization would therefore be relevant. Question 2 – Net income of 3 Q- 07 compared to 3Q – 06 Alcoa’s sales in the 3Q – 2007 were significantly lower at $ 7,379 million compared to the previous two quarters which were both around $ 8,000 million. Since Net Profit Margin from sale of products is the main driver for the company’s ROE, the stock market would take the reduced sales figure as the signal of lower ROE for the year. In the previous quarters Alcoa’s stock prices must have gone up on the higher sales numbers from the corresponding quarters of the previous year. a) Primary metals with 21.4% of third party sales in 2007 and flat rolled products with 29.9% of sales make up the bulk of Alcoa’s business. Primary metals contributed 45.5% of Alcoa’s after-tax operating income (ATOI) in 2007. This segment is therefore the most important for Alcoa. Flat-rolled products had an ATOI of only 6.3% in

Compare and contrast Schnitzlers and Freuds interpretations of Essay

Compare and contrast Schnitzlers and Freuds interpretations of character - Essay Example At one point, Freud believed that the psychoanalysis brought an opening for the horizons of understanding characters of art; while on the other hand it has been observed that Schnitzler was more concerned about the experiences of protagonists. Many written works by both Arthur Schnitzler and Sigmund Freud brought in-depth assessment of protagonists or characters in the art work. This paper also presents differing viewpoints that further back up the statement regarding interpretation of characters. Arthur Schnitzler and Sigmund Freud have both contributed their respective assessment and understanding regarding character in fin de sià ¨cle in Vienna. Herein, it is extremely significant to understand the change that was noted during fin de sià ¨cle in Vienna. It will not be incorrect to state that fin de sià ¨cle in Vienna (a French title for the turn of century), social degeneration where new thoughts regarding subject matters were being introduced. These new concepts had direct impact on associations between members of the society1. Critics and writers of fin de sià ¨cle in Vienna pointed out that Schnitzler has been curious about his characters that he created in his different literary works. It was due to this reason that presented a great deal of his art work to bring his abstract view regarding characters into a proper definition. In the same fashion, one can easily notice that Sigmund Freud has also presented an in-depth assessment of character by coming up with major psychoanalytical study of his characters through psychoanalysis2. As per various critics, it has been noted that there are vast similarities between the work of Sigmund Freud and Arthur Schnitzler. The reason behind such a claim is that both the assessors of characters were from the same city who merely acknowledges each other’s work through the help of letters3. The major difference at this point between the works of Freud and Schnitzler which was peculiar is none other

Friday, October 18, 2019

Professionalism and ethics learning portfolio Essay - 1

Professionalism and ethics learning portfolio - Essay Example l issues in the legal profession: â€Å"First, do no harm.† In applying this adage to the legal profession, analysts point out that, in recent years, many lawyers have forgotten about their commitment to justice and the rule of law. At times that goes against the very tenets of legal success. While humility and sacrifice is valued in the medical field, it can be a career killer in legal circles. Maybe instead we could slip in â€Å"First do much harm† instead. That is not to say that all legal professionals are arrogant and self-serving, but legal practice often rewards these qualities nonetheless. Generally speaking, law is now guided by an established philosophical school: ethical egoism; that is, doing what is best for oneself is what is best for the world. Some practitioners and interest groups point out that there may be a need for a Hippocratic Oath for law graduates in order to ensure that illegal and unethical practices in the legal profession would be avoided. An analysis by Evans (n.d) reveals that implementing a Hippocratic Oath for lawyers may work well for the legal profession; however, it may also just remain an empty symbol because in essence, the legal profession is very much different from the medical practice. The medical profession, from the very beginning, incorporates and emphasizes among their students the importance of ‘first, doing no harm.’ Among law students and new lawyers however, the message is not transmitted and emphasized enough. Evans (n.d) also points out that the legal practice is filled with activities which circumvent the laws; these practices also often skate the thin line between the ethical and unethical. And yet, most lawyers are aware of this practice among their colleagues and given the same opportunity, would use such strategies too. With this premise in the legal practice, Evans (n.d) once again points out how, in the legal practice, â€Å"honesty is all very well, but how does honesty allow tax avoidance, but not

Globalization of Heaalthcare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization of Heaalthcare - Research Paper Example This practice is relatively uncommon at the time but within a short time this practice will develop to global standards. Following are the reasons behind the globalization of healthcare. Some countries are known for their doctors and the technological advancements they have made in the field of medical and health care. That is why these countries have high medical costs due to their skilled and well known staff. Under developed countries are working hard towards development and which is why they offer better services. Goodwill among Different Countries: globalization of healthcare promotes goodwill and understanding among different countries. Globalization is any kind of exchange of goods and services between countries with the sole purpose of efficiency and better results. Outsourcing of services is one of the benefits for the developing countries that they are able to adopt standards, processes along with the language of the developed countries. Outsourcing of medical services can also influence the economic benefits because the developed countries will thrive when individuals from developed countries will travel to their countries in order to seek medical help. IMPROVES PRODUCTION OF GOOD AND SERVICES: globalization of health provides a platform to improve their production of goods and services of countries by sharing their expertise and international cooperation. Globalization also influence the technology and help create educated and internet savvy consumers. Different countries come together and they promote their new technological advancements which help under developed countries to exhilarate. healthcare globalization can stifle development: globalization is one of the reasons for the downfall in growth in many countries. It imposes negative advent effects on the growth of under developed countries in the field of health care. There are two

Thursday, October 17, 2019

What are NGOs How do they help and hinder development Essay

What are NGOs How do they help and hinder development - Essay Example rity organizations, and while their social aims may have political undertones, or political support, they are not created or run for political purposes (Ahmed & Potter, 2006) NGOs can be aimed towards a very diverse array of aims, ranging from environmental benefits, social benefits, poverty alleviations, awareness campaigns, health benefits, or educational reform. They can be very large, ranging across cities or countries, or they can be small, run by and consisting of only a handful of people. For example, in his book Three Cups of Tea, author and NGO worker Greg Mortenson describes his efforts at working in areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan, aiming to alleviate poverty and in particular focus on educating young girls. The benefit of NGOs is that they are very easy to set up and do not require government grants or tedious official proceedings in order to set up. Mortenson, who was initially a nurse and mountain-climber before directing his efforts towards social benefits, managed to educate over sixty thousand children, out of which more than 50,000 were girls, a remarkable feat in a place where women are rarely allowed to leave their houses, much less acquire education (Mortenson, 2007). As a result, one can conclude that NGOs maximize developmental efforts for two reasons. Governments tend to focus on geographically significant areas, that is, either areas that are significantly underdeveloped, or areas that are significantly developed. NGOs, being more personal in nature, can focus over a wider array of areas and subjects, which the government might not otherwise be able to focus on, owing either to a lack of resources or distribution of priorities. Secondly, they can be set up on any scale, and provide help on any level, be it small or big. Because it is the vision of common, dedicated individuals, not obligated by their jobs or other responsibilities, yet choosing to do so anyway, they are able to focus in a more converged environment and seek out greater

Strategies for encouraging reading for leisure-a plan for middle years Assignment

Strategies for encouraging reading for leisure-a plan for middle years of schooling age group - Assignment Example It shall also explain how each strategy will be implemented to the age group. The inclusion of each guideline or strategy shall be justified through evidence cited from course readings, professional lectures, and research. There are different factors affecting reading for leisure among middle-school age groups. These factors have to be considered before any plans can be formulated to engage students in reading for leisure. First and foremost, â€Å"an individual must possess the necessary reading skills and resources to comprehend the printed word† (University of Queensland, 2009). These basic reading skills will arm the student with knowledge in grammar and vocabulary in order to facilitate comprehension. Mental images can be easily drawn through printed words. The motivation to read will eventually contribute to each student’s engagement in the reading experience. Some students get easily engaged and can easily draw mental images of the things they read; however other students find it hard to imagine and picture images from what they read. They often prefer comic books or reading materials with illustrations where they do not need to imagine the events unfolding (University of Queensla nd, 2009). Another factor affecting reading for leisure among middle-school age groups is the fact that many of these students are already involved in other activities like sports, socialization, and school work. Many of them opine that they do not have to think when they watch television and therefore would rather watch TV rather than read for leisure. However, it is indeed undeniable how reading for leisure has benefitted those who apply it to their lives. They attest that they have gained more knowledge by reading, that they are more informed about the world and about the explanations behind concepts and natural events. Some authors bravely emphasize that

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

What are NGOs How do they help and hinder development Essay

What are NGOs How do they help and hinder development - Essay Example rity organizations, and while their social aims may have political undertones, or political support, they are not created or run for political purposes (Ahmed & Potter, 2006) NGOs can be aimed towards a very diverse array of aims, ranging from environmental benefits, social benefits, poverty alleviations, awareness campaigns, health benefits, or educational reform. They can be very large, ranging across cities or countries, or they can be small, run by and consisting of only a handful of people. For example, in his book Three Cups of Tea, author and NGO worker Greg Mortenson describes his efforts at working in areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan, aiming to alleviate poverty and in particular focus on educating young girls. The benefit of NGOs is that they are very easy to set up and do not require government grants or tedious official proceedings in order to set up. Mortenson, who was initially a nurse and mountain-climber before directing his efforts towards social benefits, managed to educate over sixty thousand children, out of which more than 50,000 were girls, a remarkable feat in a place where women are rarely allowed to leave their houses, much less acquire education (Mortenson, 2007). As a result, one can conclude that NGOs maximize developmental efforts for two reasons. Governments tend to focus on geographically significant areas, that is, either areas that are significantly underdeveloped, or areas that are significantly developed. NGOs, being more personal in nature, can focus over a wider array of areas and subjects, which the government might not otherwise be able to focus on, owing either to a lack of resources or distribution of priorities. Secondly, they can be set up on any scale, and provide help on any level, be it small or big. Because it is the vision of common, dedicated individuals, not obligated by their jobs or other responsibilities, yet choosing to do so anyway, they are able to focus in a more converged environment and seek out greater

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Final exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Final exam - Assignment Example The court determines is complaint has merit, or is without merit. Second litigation stage is discovery. Discovery entails analyzing the evidence of each party in the dispute. Questions are asked on the supporting documents of both the petitioner and the defendant. After closure of discover, the third civil litigation stage is the summary judgment motion. The summary judgment motion illustrates arguments of the defendant that the plaintiff’s evidence does not support the claim. In the summary judgment process, the court considers evidence of the plaintiff, and the law. If the plaintiff succeeds in the summary judgment motion, the trial stage is initiated. But just before the trial, the parties are sent to arbitration hearing, where the mediator pushes for agreement of the parties. This is referred to as settlement conference. If settlement is not achieved, the court authorizes full trial of the case (Labunski 219). Grand jury entails legal institution that is enabled to perform official proceedings of investigating or analyzing potential criminal activities; and to study if criminal charges will be brought. The grand jury can initiate production of documents, and also sworn witness testimony, before it. The grand jury and the courts are separate and independent institutions. Grand juries are responsible for performing investigatory and also accusatory duties. Investigatory responsibilities of the grand jury entail obtaining and analyzing evidence, and also hearing sworn witnesses testimonies that are before it. The accusatory function of the grand jury determines if one or more individuals committed offences within appropriate district court jurisdiction. Grand jury in the United States comprises between 16 and 23 citizens. The grand jury has more jurors than the trial jury (Levy 76). During early decades in the United States of America, grand juries performed significant roles

Monday, October 14, 2019

Little Drummer Kid Essay Example for Free

Little Drummer Kid Essay Back when I was a child I never asked for much. I never had much of an interest in toys and spent most of my time alone. Even at the age of 8 I was a deep thinker, always questioning why things happen the way they do. I was constantly observing the world around me as if I was on the outside. I learned to appreciate silence at such a young age and didn’t speak much. I only spoke when I was spoken to, and even then I’d give a short response. I felt like I had so much to say but never found the right way to say it. I never found my voice until my eighth birthday when I had received a present that would forever change my life and give me a voice. My parents knew that I had a deep interest in music, heavy metal in particular, and would often catch me outside pretending to play drums with small twigs as drumsticks and various sized rocks for drums. My stepfather was a singer and he played in bands all the time so I was used to seeing musical instruments and recording equipment throughout the house. I used to tell my mom that I wanted to be a talented drummer someday so I could be in a band with my stepfather. For about three months my mom kept hinting that if I was good, went to school, and made sure I was always cleaning up after myself that I would get a special present on my birthday. So along comes my birthday and we pull up to my grandmother’s house, which is where all my birthday parties were, and I can see all the Halloween decorations that she had made herself. My birthday is on October 28th so we always had Halloween parties for my birthday. My whole family would dress up in whatever they want, my grandmother would decorate the living room and kitchen with various creepy Halloween Jack o lanterns, fake spiders hanging from the ceiling which was made to look like a giant spider web, and the infamous electronic bat that she would hang on the ceiling fan so it looked like it was flying around in circles. The bat would often fly off the fan and hit someone in the head or get in someone’s food. It was something that everybody would be afraid to admit they actually enjoy. Even though it’s dangerous, everyone would burst  out laughing and start talking about how they knew it would happen eventually. I don’t remember too much about the actual party and I really can’t recall what presents I had gotten from other family members. All that was on my mind was what my mom had said 3 months prior. I made sure I was doing well in school, made my bed every morning and washed my dishes after I would eat. I was trying my best to be a good boy so I could get that â€Å"special present† that my mom had told me about. The party was slowing down and everyone was leaving so I got to say goodbye to everyone but I was pretty upset and let down. I got many gifts but none were what I actually wanted: a drum set. My parents and I were getting ready to leave and my excitement from the day had quickly faded. I just sulked around for the last few minutes while my mom packed up all my stuff and said goodbye to my grandmother. My mom looked at me while we were walking to the car and said, â€Å"Joey, don’t look so sad. There’s one more gift waiting for you at home. It w as too big to bring to your grandmas.† She had a big smile on her face and in that moment I knew exactly what she was talking about. Upon arriving at home I ran out of the car, up the stairs, and waited impatiently for my parents to hurry up and unlock the front door. They yelled to me, â€Å"Don’t you want your gifts out of the trunk before we go inside?† I truly didn’t care about those other gifts, so I just stood where I was and waited, bouncing up and down with a huge grin on my face. My mom came and unlocked the door quickly because she knew what I was waiting for. As soon as we went inside I ran off like a little maniac, running through the entire house, looking for a drum set. My mother seemed to be in shock. Normally I was a quiet and composed kid, but here I was running around, screaming, and she didn’t know what to do. As I ran by her for about the fifth time, she grabbed my arm and told me to relax and she would show me my present. She said it was in the basement but she wanted me to walk slowly with her so I didn’t fall down the stairs. We went down and at the bottom was this big thing covered with a giant sheet. I knew I had gotten what I’ve been wanting: A drum set. When I had first looked at it I was in complete amazement. This wasn’t a child sized drum set, which I’ve seen in music magazines. I was already big for my age so my parents didn’t want to buy something for me that I would grow out of quickly. So they decided to buy me a $2500 7-piece Pearl drum set. It was huge! My entire body at the time could have fit inside the floor  toms and the bass drums. I fell in love with it as soon as I saw it. It was painted all white and the drumheads were clear so I could see the inside of each drum. I remember staring in amazement just looking at the wood on the inside wondering how they get it to bend so perfectly into the shape of a circle. The first few moments looking at the drums are the fondest memories I have of my childhood. The way the light gleamed off of the shiny gold cymbals was mesmerizing and the smell of the wood was so strong that it had imagined the entire drum set being cut from trees and put together all in my basement just for me. A feeling of stillness and calm washed over me like a tide. For the first time in my life, even at that young age, I had felt fully at peace. It’s almost indescribable how intense this experience was. Before I had even picked up the drumsticks, I knew I had found my calling. It was late in the night and I understood that I wouldn’t be able to play right then and there, but I knew that I was going to start playing bright and early the next morning. That night I had sat up in my room and listened to almost every cd I had, trying to pay attention to the drum parts that I wanted to try and play. Before I knew it, the sun was up and I was ready to play drums for the first time. I decided to wait until my mom woke up before I would startle her out of bed with the loud crashing of cymbals. As soon as she woke up and came out of her room, she saw me sitting quietly at the kitchen table. She knew what I was waiting for and simple said, â€Å"Go ahead.† I had ran down the stairs so quickly that I think my feet only touched 2 steps. I finally picked up the drumsticks and sat down behind the entire drum set and looked out to the objects in the room like random boxes, chairs, and stuff that was down there for storage and pretended that they were all people and I was a rock star playing in front of a huge crowd. I didn’t waste any time and stated swinging the sticks. I had finally found my voice: through music. I seemed to have a natural talent and playing what I felt was easy for me from then on. I played my emotions and spoke my mind through that drum set. It made me feel so much more significant in the world. Playing drums is the most empowering thing I’ve ever found in my life. To this day I still play drums. I’ve been in about a dozen local bands and have played around 100 shows in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Though I currently do not play in bands, I still love playing for myself. It’s the most therapeutic thing for me. It channels all of my sadness,  anger, joy, and empathy into a form of art. It’s a healthy outlet for me especially with so many stressors in my life. I need drums in my life to help me deal with certain struggles. Even at my darkest times, my drums and all of my music have been right there with me and help me persevere through any obstacle that comes my way. I’m a drummer and that’s all I ever wanted. Even if I am never famous, I’m still content with everything I continue to create for myself.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Examining four principles of Record Keeping

Examining four principles of Record Keeping In 2009 the Nursing and Midwifery Council (known as the NMC) issued revised guidelines entitled: Record Keeping: Guidance for Nurses and Midwifes (2009). According to this guideline, suitable quality records means information needs to be legible; timely; relevant; consistent; accessible, objective; factual and complete. This guideline states that Good record keeping is an integral part of nursing and midwifery practise, and is essential to the provision of safe and effective care. (NMC 2009). This essay will consider four of the principles from the NMC Record Keeping: Guidance and Midwifes (2009). Further, based on these four principles, this essay will focus on the impact on record keeping in a patients care plan and will then go on to consider how good record keeping is maintained in relation to a patients care plan. References will be provided in support of the points made in this essay and will also be relative to what the writer has observed in practise placements. Finally, conc lusions will be drawn which summarises the points relating to this essay and will consider the evidence to draw on its conclusion. The first point selected is point one which states that Handwriting should be legible (NMC 2009). Sokol D and Hettige S (2006) citing Gakhar H, Sawant N, Pozo J. Audit of the legibility of operation notes. In: Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Audit Symposium 2005. Edinburgh: RCS Ed, 2005 state that three surgeons audited the legibility of 40 randomly selected operative notes from an orthopaedic ward in a large British hospital. Two nurses, two physiotherapists and two medical house officers were asked to rate the legibility of the notes as excellent, good, fair, or poor. Only 24% were rated excellent or good and 37% were deemed poor. This research suggests a very high percentage is the result of illegible handwriting, which in turn could suggest that care could be impacted on in over a third of the patients. McGeehan R (2007) citing Griffith (2004) suggests that the standard of handwriting is also part of a nurses duty of care towards patients. If harm befalls a patient because colleagues were not able to read a nurses handwriting, then they may be accused of liability in negligence. It should be remembered that legibility includes the signature of the person making the entry. McGeehan R (2007) citing Griffith (2004). The writer of this essay, while on placement, discovered illegible handwriting in the early years of a chronology which formed part of a patients record. This led the writer to seek clarification of what was stated, some words could not be read and the original signatory had left many years ago, this was but one negative impact of illegible handwriting and fortunately in this case the entries where dated a few years back but could have lead to problems at the time. Illegible handwriting on a care plan can appear to be inaccurate and these inaccuracies can lead to delays in carrying out the provision of care according to the care plan along with contributing to errors. Other impacts are that medication could be issued incorrectly, people can make incorrect assumption, incorrect care could be implemented and patients could become confused and agitated by not being able to read their care plan. Mistakes made due to illegible handwriting can have financial and legal issues also. If a case goes to court then the first things looked at are the records, if handwriting is illegible then the writer and their professionalism can be discredited from the onset. Culley F( 2001) suggests that Once a habit, it becomes second nature to write good, copious records. Nursing Residential Care, August 2001, Vol 3, No 8 citing Chapman N (1997) A coroners view on the keeping of medical records. Health Care Risk Report April: 1 This suggests a positive impacts of good record keeping in a patients care plan, if consistent it becomes second nature and becomes a model to others. A good example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement when their mentor was demonstrating how they filled in some sections, they could demonstra te that they always filled in the details the same way consistently, it had become that second nature to do it right. The aim of good record keeping is to ensure that colleagues have the information from the records to know what care and treatment has taken place, what is currently taking place and the future care Dimond B (2005). A care plan should be legible for colleagues and the patient to be allowed to extract this information easily and this cannot be done if not legible. Good legible handwriting should show a nurses professionalism, people should be able to clearly read what is written, by whom and when and the care plan should appear accurate as a result in turn improving the care of the patient. In order for legible handwriting to be maintained in a care plan, a consistency should be shown. Good examples of care plans should allow for legibility, an index of signatures at the beginning of each care plan including name, position and your signature. If unsure about what any h andwriting says a nurse should always seek clarity. Highlight any poor handwriting or potential error due to illegible writing. The patient should feel comfortable discussing illegible handwriting and nurses should encourage feedback without repercussions. Highlight any signatures that are not on the index. Double check anything you are unsure about in a patients care plan. Regular audit is essential to identify errors in record keeping and to maintain reasonable standards Dimond B (2005) This suggests that an audits should be carried out and that they can identify at an earlier stage any trend of poor record keeping and action accordingly. The second point selected is point five which states that records should be factual and not include unnecessary abbreviations, jargon, meaningless phrases or irrelevant speculation. (NMC 2009). Care plans are used not only to communicate with and work with the patients but to also allow staff to communicate efficiently and record the care that has been carried out. It is therefore important to use simple clear, factual and relevant information while recording information in a way that everyone understands. Providing safe and high-quality patient care is dependent upon effective communication between health care professionals, patients, and patients families. Schyve P M J Gen Intern Med. 2007 November; 22(Suppl 2): 360-361. Published online 2007 October 24. doi: 10.1007/s11606-007-0365-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078554/ accessed 14th Jan 2010. Information included in the care plan should be based on the facts involved, examples being, what was actually seen, what actually happened. The difference in fact from a nurses opinion should be clear and distinguished when information is recorded in a care plan. Many patients will not understand nurse jargon, abbreviation or technical information written in their care plan. Griffith R (2007) states that the temptation to use jargon and abbreviations as a form of professional shorthand is compelling for busy health professionals. The risk of miscommunication increases dramatically by using this shorthand. Griffith R Nurse Prescribing 2007 Vol 5 No 8 http://www.internurse.com.ezproxy.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=27147;article=NP_5_8_363_366 Accessed 19/01/10. The impact of this is that it is not patient centred care and contravenes the NMC code which states that You must share with people, in a way they understand, the information they want or need to know about their health NMC (2007). One nurses abbreviations may differ from another and abbreviations should be avoided where possible but if necessary an index of abbreviations should be supplied to the patient and form part of their care plan. A poor example of this was wi tnessed by the write of this essay recently on placement when NHS 24 sent a contact sheet to the placement to attend a patient; the contact sheet was full of abbreviations with no index included as a student nurse the writer was unaware of what some of these meant and had to ask for assistance. A patient requesting to see their notes would also suffer the same problem. Wood C (2003) states that to write full descriptions would impact on the time taken to enter records. However, he also highlights the dangers where abbreviations could mean different things to patients and staff. This examines the argument that nurses dont have time to complete accurate records but prompts that an agreed list, which should be audited on a regular basis be attached to the care plan. A factual care plan that is written in a relevant and easily understood manner that promotes clear communication should be maintained. This then should allow others especially the patient, to pick up at any point and be able to follow their care plan. The third point selected is point thirteen which states that the language that you use should be easily understood by the people in your care. NMC (2009). Each patient is unique when it comes to language that they can understand; they each have their own level of communication and understanding. Cully F (2001) Suggests that in providing sufficient information to allow patients to make informed decisions is an essential component of the duty of care, and it supports the ethical principles of individuality. This information needs to be provided in a patients care plan in such a manner that there leaves no doubt to the patient. Dougherty L and Lister S (2008) Page 23 comment that care plans should be written wherever possible with the involvement of the patient, in terms that they can understand including relevant core care plans that are individualised, signed, dated and timed This suggests that writing the care plan with the patient allows them to gain the information that they may require about their condition and the treatment options in a manner that allows the patient to understand the language used, on a level that meets their communication needs. An excellent example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement. It involved their mentor sitting with a new resident and creating their care plan from the beginning, several times the resident requested what something meant and the mentor explained clearly and rewrote section of the care plan to accommodate the residents understanding. Ambiguity may also be an issue that impacts on a patients care plan, statements may be interpreted dif ferently Dimond B (2002). She suggests that examples like had a good day may mean several things to a patient for instance, they may have slept all day or may have been awake all day. These types of generic statements do not provide the patient with the information they need. The writer of this essay witnessed statements like settled morning and slept well on a recent placement; again these are general terms which should be avoided. A Care plan written with the patient should also have clear and concise instruction, this should be as specific as possible allowing the patient to also be involved in a clear manner, colleagues and other professions may be aware of what a statement may mean but the patient may not. You should also write your instructions according to who they are intended for. For example, writing in the care plan to observe for signs of inflammation regarding a wound is not specific enough, as not everyone will know what these signs are. Ideally, you should write: such as increased pain, swelling, redness and heat. Wright K (2005) . In maintaining clear language the patients wellbeing is vital and if the patient is informed and understands what is written in their care plan then that contributes to their wellbeing. Language in a care plan should be clear and unambiguous and audits should be carried out regularly. Audits are a good method of improving and sustaining a high standard of record keeping. The Audit Commission (2002), in a review of health records, found that subjecting records to audit cuts down dramatically on errors and poor standards. Griffith R (2004) British Journal of Community Nursing, 2004, Vol 9, No 3. The fourth and final point selected is point two which states that all entries to records should be signed. In the case of written records, the persons name and job title should be printed alongside the first entry. NMC (2009). Signatures are very important as a nurse has a duty to carry out the care plan and subsequently apply their signature, this helps to give evidence of their involvement and to demonstrate that their duty of care has been carried out. Griffith R (2004) suggests that care plans require to be detailed thoroughly and be sufficient enough to exhibit that anyone responsible for recording entries in the care plan has discharged their duty of care. This highlights that as a nurse discharges their duty they are signing and accountable for the actions and information entered into the care plan. This not only impacts on other professions awareness of acknowledged detail in the care plan but also allows the patient to see that their care plan is being carried out. Dimond B (2005) suggests that it is essential that an author of an entry in a health record is clearly and easily identifiable. An example of this being important would be to contact the signatory to discuss the patient or the care in their care plan. Griffith R (2004) British Journal of Community Nursing, 2004, Vol 9, No 3. This leads to the importance of also ensuring that the nurses name and title is printed on their first entry of each page, which allows the patient and other professions to not have to constantly flick through the care plan to identify the signatory. There are many instances of poor practise when coming to signing an entry, in a case highlighted in the NMC Fitness to Practise Annual Report 2004 -2005 regarding a nurse working on the morning shift who had received a hand-over from the respondent nurse after night duty. Subsequently, when she went to administer the morning medication, she saw that none of the drugs at 10pm had been signed for in the medication administrat ion record. This example of poor record keeping could potentially have lead to further delay in the implementation of the care plan and possible the patient suffering harm, this is poor practise and does not support the delivery of the service to the patient. In maintaining this procedure all signatures should be legible and contemporaneous to the record entry. Good examples of this were witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement as their mentor would write not only their signature at the point of action but also date and time it. A clear print of the name and position should be on the first entry of each page of that particular person writing the entry. A good example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay several times when their mentor carried out this procedure routinely and without fail, this led to the care plan signatures being identified easily. A Nurse is accountable for their care and the correct signature is a factor in taking responsibility and underst anding the relevance of this action. It should be noted that All NHS employees are responsible for any health records which they create or use. This responsibility is established and defined by the law (Public Records (Scotland) Act 1937). Therefore in conclusion the consequences of poor record keeping should promote the maintaining of a good standard of relevant record keeping in line with the NMC (2009) record keeping guidance. In the NMC Fitness to Practise Annual Report 1st April 2008 to 31st March 2009, the investigating committee received one thousand seven hundred and fifty nine new cases of complaint referrals. Classified as allegations of failure to maintain adequate records was 8.52% which was one hundred and fifty records. It would seem reasonable to suggest that this sounds quite a low figure but the impact of the potential consequence of even one record are substantial. There are legal aspects, Mistakes and missing information in records are common and are a major contributory factor in medical errors and poor clinical care, leading to complaints and medical negligence cases. E Health Insider Sept 2007citing RCP . http://www.e-health-insider.com/news/3022/rcp_launches_generic_record-keeping_standards Acces sed 18/1/10 A nurse should bear in mind that any entry made in a care plan can be scrutinized under a court of law. They have an accountability to maintain their records as a record is considered to be a legal document because it contains information about the care that has been planned and delivered to a client or patient and because it may be requested by a court of law (Dimond, 2002). Dimond B (2002). Legal Aspects of Nursing. Third Edition. London. However, good record keeping is not merely regarding a nurse protecting themselves from legal proceedings but good record keeping in regards to a patients care plan is firstly aimed at improving a patients care. McGeehan R (2007) states that records should provide a complete patient journey McGeehan R (2007) Best Practise in record- keeping. Nursing Standard. 21, 17, 51-55. The suggests that the care plan of the patient is there for the patient to follow and understand at a level that they feel involved in, and also for colleagues and other professions to pick up a care plan and know exactly the plan involves and continue their care in line with it. The risks to a patient can be considerable the Audit Commision 2009 stated that Auditors identified issues relating to the quality of records at 80 per cent of trusts (England) and, in one case, the number of records classified as unsafe to audit represented over 16 per cent of the sample reviewed. This commission further states that this presents not only financial risks but more importantly raises concerns from a clinical and patient safety perspective. Improving the quality of records will help to improve the quality of care. Audit Commision 2009 http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/AuditCommissionReports/NationalStudies/20090827pbrdataassuranceframework0809rep.pdf Accesses 18/1/10 Ethical aspects should be promoted in that a nurse has a duty of care to the patient and themselves, promoting professionalism and care. The Audit Commission (2002), in its review of health records, found that subjecting records to audit cuts down dramatically on errors and poor standards. Nurses should be able to evaluate and audit their records formally and informally, to review how the record reflects the care they give even before the content is read. McGeehan R (2007). Regular audits should be carried out not only for self assessment purposes but to also highlight poor practise and should involve all relevant care team members. Part of a nurses professional responsibility is to inform a senior staff member of any incidences of poor record keeping. McGeehan R (2007) Best Practise in record- keeping. Nursing Standard. 21, 17, 51-55. On a recent placement the writer of this essay witnessed an audit being carried out and this was routinely done each month, the lessons were learned f rom these audits and poor record keeping ha become minimal as a result. Proper record keeping in a patients care plan is an important aspect of nursing A good care plan is required for good practice. Healthcare is now a multidisciplinary process and in order to maintain efficient treatment for patients it is important that a nurse, the patient and other professions have access to good quality patient records which are reviewed regularly to ensure that the service is kept to a professional standard and maintain patient care and safety.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

sanctification :: essays research papers

SANCTIFICATION Introduction -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sanctification means to make holy, purify or consecrate; to set apart, to separate -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process of being made holy resulting in a changed life-style for the believer. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  examples from the Old Testament: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain times are sanctified in that they are set apart especially to the Lord: the sabbath, the various festivals, the year of Jubilee. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The land of Canaan, as well as Jerusalem, was holy to the Lord and was not to be polluted by sinful conduct. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tabernacle/Temple and all the objects related to it were holy. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The priests and Levites who functioned in the sanctuary, beginning with Aaron, were sanctified to the Lord by the anointing of oil. Illustration -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A coal miner was walking home one day from working all day in the dirty coal mine. A young girl gave him a beautiful flower. He was happy and took the flower home. He put it in a vase on the table, and started to admire the flower. Then he realised that the vase was dirty. And so he cleaned the vase. As he sat admiring the flower, he saw that the table was dirty. So he cleaned the table. As he sat admiring the flower again, he saw that the floor was dirty. So he cleaned the floor too. Finally, he ended up cleaning the whole house. This is what  ¡Ã‚ ¥sanctification ¡Ã‚ ¦ means. After we have received Jesus into our life, He will begin to clean us up from within. Message -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification is God ¡Ã‚ ¦s will for us  ¡V 1 Thes 4:3 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification involves the sanctification of body, soul and spirit  ¡V 1 Thes 5:23 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification involves both God and us o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jesus is our Sanctifier  ¡V Heb 2:11; God our Father is our Sanctifier too  ¡V Jude 1:1 o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our part  ¡V purging ourselves  ¡V 2 Tim 2:21 „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be a vessel unto honour and sanctification for the Master ¡Ã‚ ¦s use sanctification :: essays research papers SANCTIFICATION Introduction -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sanctification means to make holy, purify or consecrate; to set apart, to separate -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process of being made holy resulting in a changed life-style for the believer. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  examples from the Old Testament: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain times are sanctified in that they are set apart especially to the Lord: the sabbath, the various festivals, the year of Jubilee. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The land of Canaan, as well as Jerusalem, was holy to the Lord and was not to be polluted by sinful conduct. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tabernacle/Temple and all the objects related to it were holy. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The priests and Levites who functioned in the sanctuary, beginning with Aaron, were sanctified to the Lord by the anointing of oil. Illustration -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A coal miner was walking home one day from working all day in the dirty coal mine. A young girl gave him a beautiful flower. He was happy and took the flower home. He put it in a vase on the table, and started to admire the flower. Then he realised that the vase was dirty. And so he cleaned the vase. As he sat admiring the flower, he saw that the table was dirty. So he cleaned the table. As he sat admiring the flower again, he saw that the floor was dirty. So he cleaned the floor too. Finally, he ended up cleaning the whole house. This is what  ¡Ã‚ ¥sanctification ¡Ã‚ ¦ means. After we have received Jesus into our life, He will begin to clean us up from within. Message -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification is God ¡Ã‚ ¦s will for us  ¡V 1 Thes 4:3 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification involves the sanctification of body, soul and spirit  ¡V 1 Thes 5:23 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification involves both God and us o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jesus is our Sanctifier  ¡V Heb 2:11; God our Father is our Sanctifier too  ¡V Jude 1:1 o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our part  ¡V purging ourselves  ¡V 2 Tim 2:21 „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be a vessel unto honour and sanctification for the Master ¡Ã‚ ¦s use

Friday, October 11, 2019

Rainer Maria Rilke Essay

Rainer Maria Rilke was born in Prague in 1875, a city with a German-speaking element. He attended the University of Prague and Linz, and soon set out on his unsettled life of wandering among friends and countries. In 1899 and 1900 he went to Russia with Lou Andreas-Salome and her professor husband, where he met tolstory and the painter Pasternak (father of the poet Boris). He was fascinated by Russian Orthodox mysticism and the solitary life of the monks. Russia was the foundation of his ways of absorbing the world; he was to say at the end of his life. He took trips to North Africa, Sweden, and Denmark, and in 1901 married to Clara Westhoff, a German, and had a daughter Ruth by her. After a year he left them, though he and Clara remained close friends. In 1902 Rilke went to Paris, where he lived off and on for the next twelve years, part of which time he was the sculptor Rodin’s private secretary. The first of his Duino Elegies were written in 1912 at Duino, Italy, in a castle which looked onto the Adriatic. Then, following a period of creative frustration, in 1921 he settled in Chateau de Muzot, in Switzerland, a small, uncomfortable, thirteenth-century stone house, with a bedroom and one tall room, where he remained the rest of his life. There, in the month of February 1922, he completed the Duino Elegies, the fifty-five poems in Sonnets to Orpheus, and a miscellany of other poems. After 1924 he was sick and by November 1926 he was at the Valmont Sanatorium. That month he published Vergers, a collection of his French poems. After pricking his finger on a rose thorn and suffering pain from severe blood poisoning, he died of leukemia at Valmont on December 29, 1926. By the time he wrote Sonnets to Orpheus, Rainer Maria Rilke was at once the most classically informed and innovatively modern writer of his generation (Rilke 1972). Unembarrassed by precursors, using them to his advantage, he stood apart from his immediate experimental contemporaries and created a modernism at once unique, cyclical, and enduring. Rilke’s Sonnets to Orpheus, prompted by the death of a young woman, Vera Oukama Koop, is an occasion of perfectly crafted poems, which Rilke shaped and misshaped in every possible way to suit the few days of their compelling creation. The blind angel entered him and spoke his message, and Rilke completed the first book in about three days. He returned to the Duino Elegies, and then turned back to the sonnets and completed the second book, also in a few days. So this most interior, metaphysical, secular-religious poet of the century yielded. In the poems he moves away from what might be an ordinary life of friends, lovers, and artists to one of remembrances: a dog’s imploring face, a free-flying kite, a young childhood cousin who will die, a teenage Dutch dancer, Vera Ouckama Koop, who dies in her eighteenth year and to whom his volume is dedicated. He also contemplates the indifferent modern machine that threatens the soul, contrasted with a virgin and her white unicorn that he discovers on a medieval textile in the Musee de Cluny in Paris. Finally, he addresses the silent friend of many distances, who may be Koop or Rilke himself. In this last sonnet, affirming the risk of life and art that may lead to jubilance, Rilke tells the friend, lost in darkness, to let he go and ring out. In the sonnets, Rilke exchanges his outer and inner worlds with agility. While he may find an angel or two or Orpheus’s resounding tunes inhabiting his realms, no salvific god shows up to comfort or make promises. The poet resides in loneliness, homelessness, silence, and change, his conditions for touching the sky and the fields and hearing all that is elsewhere and around him. Rilke had many friends, but he was always a guest, an uprooted monk of art, and his most accomplished work was completed in a month of 1922 in that tiny dingy castle where he sentenced himself to solitary confinement. Orpheus is a calendar of search, remembrance, and acceptance of Orpheus, the art-god of descent and resurrection, who is everywhere. Rilke succeeds in turning grief into pathos and ultimately into an ecstasy of absence and presence. Following a familiar pattern of his relations with women, Rilke moves from desire, to its frustration and negation, to the transformation into art. It is not different, emotionally and artistically from the pattern of the mystical poets as in St. John of the Cross, where the speaker moves from the burning senses, to the dark night of their negation, and to light and union which in the instance of both Rilke and the Spanish mystic is the evidence of the poem. Rilke’s Interpretation of the Greek Myth Orpheus There are three moments of the myth of Orpheus as related and commented by Rilke, first, the creation of a world through language, second, the turn which Orpheus makes at the threshold of Hades, and third, the death of Orpheus. In Rilke’s Sonnets to Orpheus, the poet-figure Orpheus, whom we know from Greek legend and Medieval Latin folklore, is the symbol for a poetical synthesis that joins all things in harmony and joins what appears and what by its very nature does not, Orpheus is thought to keep open what Rilke will call a dual realm between the actual and the potential that lies beyond it. The poet-figure to whom Rilke’s sonnets are addressed, of course, is the Greek poet Orpheus, who according to legend, sang so divinely that all of nature hearkened to his call, Orpheus was thus able to charm the god Hades and bring back his dead wife, Eurydice, from the underworld, holding open what Rilke calls the pure relation between the here and the beyond. And so the Sonnets to Orpheus series is about the access of poetic language to appearance and to what transcends it. Rilke’s language itself, through its elusive but also vertiginously concrete references, realizes a world that encompasses the actual and the unseen, the special transcendence (1972:189-192) of potentiality. This is why Rilke’s poetry emphasizes the other side of even ordinary things and other side not exhausted by the actuality that foreshadows it. The inspiration for Rilke’s Sonnets is twofold. First of all, it is grateful to the Orpheus legend an illustration of which hung in the Chateau de Muzot, where Rilke was staying in February 1922 when the series was written. Equally importantly, it was occasioned by the untimely death in youth of Vera Duckama Knoop( a daughter of a friend of Rilke’s), to whom the sonnests are dedicated. (1958: 185). One can infer then that Rilke takes the task upon himself, as Orpheus did for Eurydice, of establishing a relation to the mysteriousness of the other side, which Rilke claims, in a letter about the Sonnets, the dead girl symbolizes. In a commentary Rilke writes that the Sonnets are placed under the name and protection of the dead girl whose incompletion and innocence holds open the door of the grave, so that she, gone from us, belongs to those powers who keep the half of life fresh and open towards the other wound-open half(1972: 136). Rilke is fascinated by the legendary poet, who is said to have sung so beautifully that all beings, even gods, were enchanted by his song, but it is primarily the invisible potential horizon of things that Rilke’s own poetry, by invoking Orpheus, aims to bring into poetical intimacy. Through this horizontality, Rilke finds an access to what he often refers to as the essence of things. The girl is a symbol of that horizonality, a symbol of incompleteness itself: as a young girl, she was half yet to be. Her death transports her to the other side of life which illuminates life’s own incompleteness. In the Duino Elegies,(1994: 154 ),the second part of which was finished during the same profile month of February 1922, the figure of the angel which Rilke takes pains to distinguish from the Christian symbolism of the same serve unification of distinct realms. The Orpheus myth for both Rilke and his predecessor Ovid concerns the relation between this known side of life and the mysterious beyond. Orpheus is the one who has lifted the lyre among shadows, who has entered the underworld, and so the one to whom is allowed the infinite praise of poeticizing. It is because the figure of Orpheus, like the dead girl, is characterized by transcendence that he serves Rilke well here. Rilke devices in his invocation of Orpheus, a decidedly modern poetical access to the transcendent by presenting in condensed and abbreviated form, a lyrical total without translating that total into logical or even associative statements. From the first sonnet of the series, Orpheus and his song are associated by Rilke with pure transcendence. Orpheus who sang so sublimely that he was said to have become a god, transcended the ordinary relation that language gives us to things, a relation which Rilke conceives as relying upon opposites, the cleavage between being and non-being. Rilke’s reference to Orpheus is marked by a repetition of German verbs that indicate a crossing of such boundaries. His word transcends( ubertrifft) the being-here ( das Hiersein), because it overstep ontological boundaries even as he obeys them and so Orpheus enters into relation with the mystery of things and their transience. Their transience renders them intimate with our own and so we must according to Rilke resist the will to run down and degrade everything earthly, just because of its temporariness which it shares with us. Things too belong to the dual realm to which Rilke’s sonnet series repeatedly refers. This is suggested in these lines from Rilke’s Sonnet on the relationship of poetic song and the nature. Conclusion While Rainer Maria Rilke’s relation to empiricist psychology is marginal at best, his relatively unreflecting use of its imagery allows us to estimate with some accuracy the extent to which the movement had entered the general consciousness of an entire period from the 1890s on. For many readers and writers, the dispersed and fragmented subject was doubtless little more than a fashion, just as many saw impressionist painting more as a technique than as the outgrowth of a philosophy. Rilke seems to have used empiricist vocabulary and turns of thought somewhat eclectically throughout his career, he was an excellent indicator of what was generally in the air and had an exceptionally creative way of integrating it into his own original and powerfully imagined poetic universe. Influence studies of the conventional type cannot do justice to the kind of problem he poses. Throughout his life, as an almost daily custom, Rilke wrote letters of such exceptional grace and expressive force that they have come to represent a significant part of his artistic legacy. He also preserved conscientiously letters written to him by others. Family members, friends, and more incidental acquaintances collected his letters as precious gifts, in keeping with old European traditions. After his return from Paris to Muzot, Rilke set down his last will and testament in which he authorized his heirs to publish his correspondence. He realized how much of his creative energies had flowed into the letters. He had spent days and weeks just answering the growing number of questions on his work and way of life and thinking about concerns with which others had approached him. In its totality, Rilke’s work reflects his personal life and disposition, as well as, and perhaps even more so, the curiously pessimistic historical climate that became obvious at the turn of the century. He felt and recorded the insidious doubt in the strength or adequacy of a modern rationalistic society. He was extraordinarily sensitive to the deeply disturbing signs of this cultural unrest and without any sustained interest in theoretical discourse, learned to draw conclusions from the work of contemporary artists. Rainer Maria Rilke is a master at lining, and his use of contemporary meters, rhythm, and diction makes his translations more readable to a contemporary audience without losing the mysticism and lyrical quality of Rilke’s poems.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Mao Zedong

Alyssa Franco 11/28/12 Mao Zedong is considered to be one of the most controversial political leaders of the twentieth century. He has been known both as a savior and a tyrant to the Chinese people. From his strategic success of the Long March, to his humiliating failure of the Great Leap Forward, to the Cultural Revolution that shocked the country and took countless lives, Mao has significantly influenced the result of what China is today. From humble origins, Mao Zedong rose to absolute power, unifying with an iron fist a vast country torn apart by years of weak leadership, imperialism, and war.This astute and insightful account by Jonathan D. Spence brings to life this modern-day ruler and the tumultuous era that Mao Zedong did so much to shape. Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 in Shaoshan village in Hunan. He experienced a middle peasant upbringing that was â€Å"rooted in long-standing rural Chinese patterns of expectation and behavior† (Mao, 10). Mao went to Shao shan village school where he learned the customary Chinese curriculum as well as studied the â€Å"time-honored texts from the Confucian canon† (Mao, 11).At this time in his childhood, the whole country could foresee the fall of the previous dynasty, the Qing. Mao studied to be a teacher at The First Provincial Normal School, in Changsha, which influenced his future thinking and beliefs. He believed that the Chinese way of thinking needed reform, therefore fixated on younger people and peasants to build his political career. In 1912 Mao decided to go to Wuhan. For five years he studied and received an education in academics, as well as politics. When Mao graduated in 1918, he was a political writer with a notable following.He had studied Marxism and other communist ideas and by 1919 considered himself to be a Marxist. For several years Mao wrote on his views and even began establishing groups that shared the same political opinions as he did. Mao had organized a group of Comm unists in Changsha and in 1921when he went to Shanghai to participate in the First National Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He rose to absolute power when he survived the Long March, a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army to escape the attacks ordered by Chiang Kai-Shek.This began his ascent to power because of the leadership displayed during the retreat. It gained him the support of many members of the party. Through the years Mao had many successes as well as failures as a leader. He put into actions two 5 year plans, established the Hundred Flower Movement, launched the Great Leap Forward, and set the groundwork for the Cultural Revolution, forever leaving his mark in Chinese history. The Great Leap Forward, what was supposed to be one of Mao Zedong’s greatest achievements, in turn actually became his most prominent failure.By 1957, to Mao at least, following the Soviet Union example no longer seemed sufficient. Growth was too slow, too reliant on tec hnical experts, and too controlled. He believed that China had to find a way to use their labor power to revolutionize more rapidly. Mao began to introduce the idea of the Great Leap Forward. In Mao’s mind the Great Leap â€Å"would combine the imperativeness of large-scale cooperative agriculture with a close-to-utopian vision of the ending of distinctions between occupations, sexes, ages, and levels of education† (Mao 143).Through the concentrated work of hundreds of millions of people laboring together, China would convert itself from a poverty stricken nation into a mighty one. Mao believed that China as a whole would procure the â€Å"benefits of scale and of flexibility† (Mao, 143). The peasants and workers performed large amounts of labor, working with â€Å"almost no respite in the fields† (Mao, 144). Trusting Mao, the Chinese Communist party, as well as the people of China got caught up in the idea of a â€Å"utopian† type society and full y supported the plan.This ideal however, did not transfer over to reality. The Great Leap became one of Mao’s biggest failures as the ruler of China. Many officials were surprised at Mao's naivety, especially since Mao used to be a farmer himself. Some Great Leap projects were successes, although all too often they were disasters. These projects were undertaken with too much haste and with so little methodical knowledge that serious mistakes were made. After Mao had realized that his plan was deteriorating he quickly called for a slower pace and more attainable goals.Mao’s faulty economics ended up creating a famine of massive proportions. The Great Leap Forward ended up killing approximately 30 million people as a result of starvation and diseases related to poor supplies and dearth of food, this time period is known as the Three Hard Years. Not surprisingly the Great Leap Forward strained the connection between China and the Soviet Union. Mao was never partial to Khr ushchev, Stalin’s successor, their relations were never affable. The countries continued to grow apart till their political split in 1960.The Great Leap Forward as well as the preceding intellectual Hundred Flowers Movement presented Mao being increasingly detached â€Å"from any true reality check† (Mao, 145). He appeared to be less and less concerned for the consequences that might transpire from his own â€Å"erratic utterances† (Mao, 145). Another notable event that took place during the control of Mao was the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969. Mao, now 70, was still overly enamored with revolutionary continuity.He told his nephew, what he believed were the five essential elements in his succession: â€Å"One must be a genuine Marxist-Leninist; one must be willing to work for the masses wholeheartedly; one must work with the majority and accept their criticisms, even if the criticisms seemed to be misplaced at the time; one must be a model of obedient discipli ne under the strictures of democratic centralism; and one must be modest about oneself, always ready to indulge in self-criticism† (Mao, 168).Mao then posed this question, â€Å"You grew up eating honey, and thus far you have never known suffering. In future, if you do not become a rightist, but rather a centralist, I shall be satisfied. You have never suffered, how can you be a leftist? †(Mao 168). This question obsessed many of China’s youth during the infancy of the Cultural Revolution. Mao’s answer was to be founded on the idea that â€Å"wanting leftist revolutionary activism could be regenerated by identifying the enemies correctly and then using all one’s ingenuity in rooting them out and destroying them† (Mao, 169).It was a power struggle between Mao and the older officers in the government. Mao used youth and freedom to rally against the older powers in an attempt to show the people that he was really the one with the best idea of Ch inese thought. He did not specifically coordinate the coming of the revolution, â€Å"but he established an environment that made it possible and helped to set many people and issues in place† (Mao, 170). The army became involved because Mao could not control the followers by words alone.Since Lin Biao, in charge of the military, thought that the army would keep the newfound power it had gained through the Cultural Revolution, he decided he would change Mao's power. The army took care of gathering youth from around China to produce the Red Army. This displayed that Mao was still in power and had the Army behind him. Mao left behind him a legacy that cannot be easily forgotten. He reformed the thoughts of the Chinese people from very reserved and old fashioned, to a new age of thinking. Being in power for such a long period of time, and uniting China to make it stronger was a great accomplishment.Mao Zedong should be considered to be a tyrant because of his lack of compassion during the Three Hard Years; although he did manage to capture the hearts of many, especially the youth of his time. Mao did demonstrate extreme perseverance and leadership, controlling China until it was physically not possible for him to do so. Spence does a good job of placing Mao in history, but it's the private man with whom he is most sympathetic. Spence creates Mao as clever and foolish, harsh and loving, practical and naive. Yet Mao's deepest motivations remain mysterious. This book is a satisfactory introduction to the enigmatic life of Mao Zedong.